Abstract
Red mud is the industrial waste by-product produced in alumina refineries. The red mud (RM) was activated using 1 N hydrochloric acid (hereafter referred as RMA). In the present communication, RM and RMA are used to study the kinetics and thermodynamics of effective adsorption for removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. The characterization of red mud is supported by BET, SEM, TG, DTG, XRD, and FTIR analysis. Batch experiments are carried out as a function of initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH. It was observed that maximum adsorption capacity of phosphate (112 mg g−1 of RMA) is obtained using Langmuir adsorption isotherm in case of RMA in comparison to raw RM (56 mg g−1 of RM) at pH 2. Analysis of adsorption data indicates that the Langmuir isotherm provides a better fitting than Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption data were used to study first- and second-order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion models. Second-order kinetics is seen to be the best fitted for removal of phosphate. Thermodynamic parameters such as \(\Delta H^{0}\), \(\Delta S^{0}\) and \(\Delta G^{0}\) were obtained. Negative value of Gibbs energy suggests the spontaneity of the adsorption phenomena which is in good agreement with the negative value of entropy indicating decrease in randomness of adsorbents at the solid and liquid interface. The characterization results and separation factor (R L ) suggest that RMA and RM can be used as commercial adsorbent for removal of phosphate from aqueous solution.
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Notes
All the characterization like BET surface analysis, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy of RM and RMA are reported from the authors previous publication (Prajapati et al. 2016) which was necessary to describe in this paper in order to support the kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the process.
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Acknowledgements
One of the authors (VMT) is thankful to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, for financial assistance through URS/DEV/1338 dated 01/10/2014. Authors are also thankful to NALCO, India, for providing the sample of red mud. Authors are also thankful to the Hon’ble reviewers for their critical suggestions towards improvement of this manuscript.
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Tangde, V.M., Prajapati, S.S., Mandal, B.B. et al. Study of Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution using Activated Red Mud. Int J Environ Res 11, 39–47 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-017-0004-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-017-0004-8