Corrosion and scale inhibitors with systematically changed structure

doi:10.1016/0010-938X(92)90164-X

Corrosion Science

Volume 33, Issue 7, July 1992, Pages 1099-1103

https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(92)90164-X Get rights and content

Abstract

The corrosion inhibiting properties of some substituted carboxylic acids were studied with respect to the corrosion of mild steel in neutral solutions. Corrosion inhibition varied with the nature of the substituted components. The concentration dependence of inhibition was determined for the most efficient compounds.

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The mitigation of corrosion is a very important subject for scientists as well as for technologists. Corrosion is a form of material degradation and bears enormous financial consequences. This chapter follows the historical development of a selected class of corrosion inhibitors, namely those that contain phosphorus atom(s). Their history started some decades ago and, after significant development, up-to-now they are important components of corrosion inhibitor blends. This chapter presents a survey on water (or oil) soluble inhibitors that contain not only phosphorous, but other heteroatoms in their structure that can augment the anticorrosion activity. The importance of the phosphorus atom as well as its contribution to the mitigation of metallic corrosion will be demonstrated. Several examples show the usefulness of parallel application of other additives (like metal ions or other organic molecules) in increasing the corrosion inhibiting activity. The second part of the chapter summarizes the knowledge accumulated over the years on self-assembled molecular (SAM) layers formed from surfactants with P content. These spontaneous “bottom-up,” intermolecular processes create layers on solid surfaces with well-ordered structures, which are responsible for the anticorrosion activity. The interactions that anchor the P-containing head groups to the surface and all other forces that allow the formation of a densely packed hydrophobic molecular layer determine the structure of the SAM layer. All important factors that can influence the stability and the structure of the nanolayers are discussed. Several application examples demonstrate their usefulness.
Eco-friendly sodium gluconate and trisodium citrate inhibitors for low carbon steel in simulated cooling water system: Theoretical study and molecular dynamic simulations
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Sodium gluconate is one of the sodium salts having high solubility in the water of gluconic acid. This compound exhibit non-toxic and non-corrosive property [1,2]. For that reason, sodium gluconate has to be important to use as a corrosion inhibitor against the corrosion of metal surfaces.
The work presented the corrosion inhibition potency of the sodium gluconate and trisodium citrate against the corrosion of low carbon steel and revealed that the TSC can be more preferment than the SG molecule. In addition to experimental investigation of the corrosion inhibition capacity of the SG and TSC molecules, the quantum chemical calculations were performed by B3LYP, B3LYP-GD3BJ and M06HF functionals at three basis sets that are 6-31g(d,p), 6-311g(d,p) and 6-311++g(3df, 2pd) basis sets. The global hardness values revealed that the TSC molecule could be preferable to the SG molecule in using the design of the corrosion inhibitor materials because the SG (2.81 eV) was calculated a harder molecule than the TSC (2.70 eV). Molecular dynamic simulations were performed to investigate metal-inhibitor interactions.
The effect of ethylene oxide groups in alkyl ethoxy carboxylates on its scale inhibition performance
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There are many classes of chemicals with water-soluble molecules or polymers with several functional groups (such as phosphonate, carboxylate, sulfonate and etc.) used as scale inhibitors to prevent scale formation [3,4]. Because of their strong scale inhibition performance and dispersing capability, phosphorus scale inhibitors [5], such as phosphonates and organic phosphorus containing copolymers [6,7], have been used satisfactorily in the circulating cooling water systems and in detergent industry. For example, Kjellin [6] has investigated a water soluble copolymer that consists of a poly (ethylene glycol) chain containing phosphate groups attached to a methyl terminated poly (propylene) glycol as scale inhibitor.
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A natural extract as scale and corrosion inhibitor for steel surface in brine solution
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The requisites for these compounds should focus on non-mutagenic, non-carcinogenic products with characteristics more environmentally acceptable than systems currently in use [1,2]. A number of antiscalants are commercially available and new formulations are continuously being developed and tested for a variety of scaling species [3–16]. Moreover, many corrosion inhibitors have been used in cooling water systems [5].
The hazardous effects of most synthetic corrosion inhibitors were the motivation for studying the possible use of eco-friendly extract; olive (Olea europaea L) leaf extract, as a scale and corrosion inhibitors for steel surface in brine solution. The antiscale properties of the natural extract were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry techniques in conjunction with a microscopic examination. The inhibitive characteristics were investigated using EIS and potentiodynamic polarization curve measurements. Mineral scales were deposited from the brine solution by cathodic polarization of the steel surface at − 0.9 V (vs. SCE). The mechanism of scale inhibition was attributed to the formation of cytotoxically inactive complex of calcium caffeate which adsorb on the steel surface at an early stage and poisoned crystal nuclei around them. Potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated that the extract inhibits the corrosion of steel by controlling the cathodic oxygen reduction process. The results showed that olive leaf extract can inhibit corrosion of steel and scale build-up under the conditions tested.
Corrosion and scale processes and their inhibition in simulated cooling water systems by monosaccharides derivatives. Part I: EIS study
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A study of the ordinary mild steel/cooling water interface, with and without inhibitor, was carried out using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS spectra in uninhibited medium reveal that a layer of corrosion and scale products is formed naturally and evolves with the immersion time. Monosaccharides derivatives were used as corrosion inhibitors. Most of them exhibit good behaviour against corrosion of ordinary steel in simulated water systems. Their inhibiting efficiency increases with concentration rise and depends on molecular structure especially –OH groups' position on two adjacent carbons and their number. In addition, the effect of MoO₄²⁻ on the corrosion inhibition in the presence of the best inhibitor was also studied by EIS. The addition of MoO₄²⁻ enhanced the inhibition efficiency.
Investigation of fig leaf extract as a novel environmentally friendly antiscalent for CaCO<inf>3</inf> calcareous deposits
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Mineral scales were deposited from a CaCl₂ brine solution (0.7 M NaCl, 0.0025 M NaHCO₃, 0.028 M Na₂SO₄ and 0.01 M CaCl₂) by cathodic polarization of the steel surface to −0.9 V (vs. SCE) at 40°C. Nucleation, crystal growth and total coverage of the surface regions were characterized by different impedance behaviour. The effect of fig leaves (Ficus carica L.) extract as an antiscalent in an alkaline CaCl₂ brine solution was studied using chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques and conductivity measurements, in conjunction with microscopic examination. EIS measurements were carried out at the open circuit potential and −0.9 V (vs. SCE) to investigate the antiscale function of the extracts of fig leaves. The surface area occupied by the scale deposits decreases with increasing fig leaf extract concentrations and the critical concentration required to inhibit scale formation was 75 ppm. Fig leaf extract was found to impede CaCO₃ supersaturation and increase the time of nucleation. The data indicated that fig leaf extract could be used safely as an antiscalent.

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Corrosion and scale inhibitors with systematically changed structure

Abstract

Werkst. Korros.

J. Am. Chem. Soc.