Research paperMonitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry
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2023, Science of the Total EnvironmentDeciduous Shrub Stem Water Content in Arctic Alaska
2022, Ecohydrology and HydrobiologyCitation Excerpt :To understand the increasing role of shrubs in tundra water budgets, we applied a method of embedding stainless steel rods in shrub stems to continuously measure shrub stem water content using time-domain reflectometry (TDR). Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) has been used extensively over the last 35 years to measure soil water content and tree stem water content in both the lab and the field (Constantz and Murphy, 1990; Hernández‐Santana et al., 2008; Nadler et al., 2006; Sparks et al., 2001; Wullschleger et al., 1996). The technique benefits from minimal tree stem disturbance, accuracy and ease of automation.
A low-cost monitoring system of stem water content: Development and application to Brazilian forest species
2021, Smart Agricultural TechnologyTime and frequency domain reflectometry for the measurement of tree stem water content: A review, evaluation, and future perspectives
2021, Agricultural and Forest MeteorologyCitation Excerpt :Experimental evidence has shown that EM methods are capable of measuring θstem at different time scales and a range of values of tree water status. Constantz and Murphy (1990) pioneered the application of EM methods to monitor the daily and seasonal changes of θstem, while Wullschleger et al. (1996) proposed a generalized calibration equation to estimate θstem based on a large pool of data from measurements on four tree species and one tree from the Constantz and Murphy (1990) study. Since then, EM methods have been widely applied to measure θstem for different species from vines to shrubs to standing trees (Coskun and Konukcu, 2014; Salomón et al., 2020), in logs, lumber, woodchips and decayed wood (Amato et al., 2019; Gray and Spies, 1995; Schimleck et al., 2011; Tiitta and Olkkonen, 2002), at different positions in the tree, including roots, trunk, branches and canopy (Burke et al., 2005; Green and Clothier, 1995), and at different geographic locations from valleys to mountain tops and from tropical to temperate to Arctic environments (Clark et al., 2016; Fang, 2017; Green and Clothier, 1995; Young-Robertson et al., 2016).
A review of time domain reflectometry (TDR) applications in porous media
2021, Advances in Agronomy