Laterality in facial expressions and its effect on attributions of emotion and personality: A reconsideration☆
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Cited by (50)
Altered saccadic targets when processing facial expressions under different attentional and stimulus conditions
2017, Vision ResearchCitation Excerpt :A meta-analysis of sixteen published studies (Skinner & Mullen, 1991) concluded that the left hemiface was more expressive than the right hemiface for posed but not spontaneous emotions and for pleasant but not negative emotions. However, the average r2-value across the 16 studies was 0.036, explaining approximately 3.6% of the data variance, thus indicating a rather weak behavioral effect for inferring hemispheric modulation of emotional processing based on right-left asymmetry of facial expressions (Kowner, 1995; Ross, Prodan, & Monnot, 2007a; Ross, Reddy, Nair, Mikawa, & Prodan, 2007b; Skinner & Mullen, 1991; Thompson, 1985; Ross and Pulusu, 2013). In contrast, social psychologists have suggested that the modulation of facial expressions is organized predominantly across the upper-lower hemiface because of the phenomena of facial blends of emotions (Nummenmaa, 1964; Ekman & Friesen, 1975, 1982; Ekman, Davidson, & Friesen, 1990; Ekman, Friesen, & O'Sullivan, 1988; Ekman, 1992; Larsen, McGraw, & Cacioppo, 2001; see far right panel in Fig. 1).
Neurophysiology of spontaneous facial expressions: I. Motor control of the upper and lower face is behaviorally independent in adults
2016, CortexCitation Excerpt :Based on the above functional-anatomic assumptions, neuropsychological research involving facial expressions has focused traditionally on differences in expressive intensity between the right and left face as a means to infer hemispheric lateralization of function (Borod & Caron, 1980; Ekman, Hager, & Friesen, 1981; Rinn, 1984; Ross, Prodan et al., 2007). However, this methodological approach for inferring hemispheric lateralization has produced only marginal results that, on average, explain only 3.6% of the observed data variance (Kowner, 1995; Skinner & Mullen, 1991; Thompson, 1985). Interestingly, Jenny and Saper (1987) noted that the bilateral input to the upper facial subnuclei was quite sparse and inconsistent with the clinical assumption that the ventrolateral facial motor cortex provides functionally significant input to the upper facial subnuclei.
Decoding facial blends of emotion: Visual field, attentional and hemispheric biases
2013, Brain and CognitionCitation Excerpt :Thus, the studies only explained approximately 3.6% of the data variance, indicating a small behavioral effect (Cohen, 1988; Skinner & Mullen, 1991). This probably accounts for why left–right asymmetry of facial expressions, as a means to study hemispheric lateralization of emotions, remains a relatively weak research paradigm for conceptualizing how facial expressions are modulated by the human brain (Kowner, 1995; Ross, Prodan, & Monnot, 2007; Thompson, 1985). Observations by social psychologists, however, have suggested that the modulation of facial expressions is organized predominantly across the upper-lower hemiface rather than the left–right hemiface because of the phenomena of facial blends of emotions, i.e. simultaneous display of different emotions on the upper and lower face during social interactions (Ekman, 1992; Ekman, Davidson, & Friesen, 1990; Ekman & Friesen, 1975; Ekman & Friesen, 1982; Ekman, Friesen, & O’Sullivan, 1988; Nummenmaa, 1964; see Fig. 1).
No trust on the left side: Hemifacial asymmetries for trustworthiness and emotional expressions
2013, Brain and CognitionCitation Excerpt :A digital image of an original facial photograph was divided in half down the vertical midline, and a mirror image of each half was created. Following Kowner’s (1995) procedure, the vertical midline was determined by connecting the midpoints between eyes and upper lip. The original half and its mirror image were then seamlessly aligned side by side to create a normal-looking face.
Posed versus spontaneous facial expressions are modulated by opposite cerebral hemispheres
2013, CortexCitation Excerpt :In this study, raters were asked to directly compare the right and left hemiface rather than rating the hemiface randomly to determine intensity.] Thus, the relatively small average effect sizes probably explain why left-right asymmetry of facial expressions, as a means to study hemispheric lateralization of emotions, remains a relatively controversial and unresolved research paradigm (Kowner, 1995; Ross et al., 2007a; Skinner and Mullen, 1991; Thompson, 1985). Part of the problem may be methodological (Borod et al., 1997) and part of the problem may be due to past assumptions regarding the cortical representation of facial motor control in the forebrain (Gazzaniga and Smylie, 1990; Rinn, 1984) that only recently have been shown to be incomplete and somewhat inaccurate (Morecraft et al., 2001, 2004).
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Portions of Experiments 1–3 were presented at the annual meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association, Tokorozawa, August 1993.