Microstructure of polyacrylate/polystyrene two-stage latices

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(89)90006-2

Polymer

Volume 30, Issue 3, March 1989, Pages 416-424

https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(89)90006-2 Get rights and content

Abstract

The microstructure of multi-stage latices is investigated in the cold stage of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) through differences in the behaviour of their component polymers when irradiated by an electron beam. Frozen two-stage latices (TSL) of polyacrylates (PA) and polystyrene (PS) are examined in the TEM and in a high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). A PS core is revealed in a frozen PS seeded PS/PA TSL in the TEM. Crosslinked PS (XPS) shells are observed in the TEM of a frozen crosslinked PA (XPA) seeded XPA/XPS TSL with 50% PS. The identity of the particles with XPS shells is retained in the moulded material and observed in SEM. The existence of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN)/microdomain structure is indirectly indicated in XPA seeded XPA/XPS TSL with 25% XPS whose mechanical behaviour also favours an XPA continuum and both intra- and inter-particle XPS microdomains. IPN/microdomain particles and particles with XPS shells in an XPA seeded XPA/XPS TSL with 35% XPS are observed in the TEM and reflected in the structure of the moulded material.

References (49)

C.B Bucknall et al.
Polymer
(1972)
Y Talmon
Ultramicroscopy
(1984)
M Narkis et al.
Polymer
(1985)
D.R Paul et al.
Polymer Blends
(1978)
J.A Manson et al.
K Kato
Polym. Eng. Sci.
(1967)
L.C Sawyer et al.
T Hamazaki et al.
J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
(1977)
D.A Thomas
J.R White et al.
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
(1984)

Y Talmon et al.

J. Microscopy

(1986)

Y Talmon

Y Talmon et al.

J. Elec. Micr. Technique

(1985)

M.S Silverstein et al.

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

(1987)

L.H Sperling

J. Polym. Sci. Macromolec. Rev.

(1977)

D Klempner

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

(1978)

L.H Sperling et al.

Polym. Eng. Sci.

(1983)

J.K Yeo et al.

Polym. Eng. Sci.

(1982)

K.C Frisch et al.

Polym. Eng. Sci.

(1982)

R.B Fox et al.

Polym. Eng. Sci.

(1985)

D.J Hourston et al.

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

(1986)

H.X Xiao et al.

J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn.

(1983)

J.H Lee et al.

Macromolecules

(1986)

Cited by (37)

Interpenetrating polymer networks: So happy together?
2020, Polymer
Citation Excerpt :
An IPN latex particle can be formed at relatively low M2 and X2 contents (75/25 in Fig. 4). The macromolecular topology within the latex particles can combine entrapped molecular-level mixing, phase-separated nanodomains, and a continuous range of compositions, as described for monolithic IPN [80,99,100]. Eventually, as the M2 and X2 content increases, the core will not be able to swell further and incorporate more M2 and X2.
A typical description of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) can be surprisingly simple, systems that consist of two crosslinked polymer networks that are physically entangled but not chemically linked. That simplistic description, however, successfully encompasses a wide range of synthesis processes and macromolecular architectures that can include “semi-IPN” (IPN-like systems containing only one crosslinked polymer) and interconnected polymer networks (IPN-like systems that also include a limited amount of inter-network chemical links). The macromolecular topologies of these systems combine kinetically entrapped molecular-level mixing with limited phase separation into a continuous range of nanodomain compositions. This perspective-review presents the family of IPN systems, describes the synthesis parameters used to generate a variety of macromolecular topologies, and discusses the damping properties, the ability to process latex IPN, the mechanical robustness of double network hydrogels, and IPN as templates for porous polymers, as well as recent innovations and cutting-edge applications. The wide gamut of macromolecular topological options described herein will serve as a guide to realizing synergistic behaviors by combining polymers in IPN-like structures.
Simultaneous size and density determination of polymeric colloids by continuous contrast variation in small angle X-ray scattering
2016, European Polymer Journal
Citation Excerpt :
The use of an ensemble-average and non-destructive technique such as small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) arises as an appropriate alternative [15,16]. SAXS can discern differences in the radial structure of polymeric colloids and offers advantages to other methods which require prior treatment of the sample and are not averaging [17,18]. Despite being a highly informative method for the accurate characterization of polymeric particles, the difficulties in the interpretation of the scattering curves demand complementary experimental information [19].
Polymeric colloids are of growing importance in nanomedicine for drug or imaging agent delivery. Their characterization is a crucial task but their traceable size determination is challenging, especially for particles with a complicated inner structure. This work describes the simultaneous determination of the size distribution and the density of polymeric particles by means of continuous contrast variation in small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which also reveals the inner structure of the colloids. The applicability of the technique has been evaluated by the comparison with other techniques, with focus on differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) in terms of the measured density. A novel approach to DCS is presented, which employs two centrifuge setups to enable the density and size determination of particles with physical densities close to water.
Emulsion-templated porous polymers: A retrospective perspective
2014, Polymer
Citation Excerpt :
Our original interest in polyHIPEs was piqued by the research that we were doing on the development of membrane materials for the removal of halogenated organic contaminants from water. We were developing several novel membrane materials systems including interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) materials [38–40], hybrid organic-inorganic interconnecting network (ICN) materials [41,42], and plasma polymerized hybrid materials [43,44]. PolyHIPEs seemed to offer potential as flow-through systems for contaminant sorption [45,46].
PolyHIPEs are porous emulsion-templated polymers synthesized within high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). HIPEs are highly viscous, paste-like emulsions in which the major, “internal” phase, usually defined as constituting more than 74% of the volume, is dispersed as discrete droplets within the continuous, minor, “external” phase. The surge in polyHIPE research and development parallels that of porous polymers in general and reflects the increasing number of potential applications (reaction supports, separation membranes, tissue engineering scaffolds, controlled release matrices, responsive and smart materials, and templates for porous ceramics and porous carbons). This review focuses upon the research and development in polyHIPEs through the prism of the work in our laboratory. The review includes an overview of the developments in polymerization chemistry, in the types of monomers, in the types of stabilization, in the generation of more complex polyHIPE-based systems (e.g. interpenetrating polymer networks, hybrids, bicontinuous polymers), and in unusual materials systems such as water-retaining polyHIPEs and shape-memory polyHIPEs.
Characterizations and properties of hairy latex particles
2005, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
Citation Excerpt :
Contrary to spherical brush synthesis, numerous different morphologies of core–shell particles have been studied and extensively commented [28]. However, most of the characterization experiments concern the radial repartition of comonomers or surface analyses [24,27,29–37]. Surprisingly, the properties in solution of core–corona particles and the nature of the hydrophilic layer have been related in few studies [26,38–40], since polyelectrolyte brushes have been more precisely described in terms of interfacial distribution of monomers and thickness of the brush according to molecular characteristics (grafting density, contour length of the chains, and curvature of the surface) and the nature of the surrounding medium (ionic strength and pH) [13,17,22,41–45].
Industrial latex composed of a hydrophobic core surrounded by a charged hydrophilic layer exhibits excellent stability toward monovalent salt. That feature is classically attributed to a steric effect due to a loss of entropy during overlapping of coating materials. The so-called electrosteric stabilization is, however, not a straightforward function of the nature of the hydrophilic corona. This suspension was characterized in dilute solution by scattering and electrophoresis techniques. In contrast to spherical brushes the interface between the core and the corona is not well defined. The layer is more similar to a highly hydrated nonuniform gel with few longer strands that control the hydrodynamic properties than to a polyelectrolyte brush whose dependence on ionic strength reflects the concentration of counterions inside a well-defined structure. Thus the steric contribution to stabilization of these hairy particles appears to be insignificant in the range studied. The highly hydrated nature and the global charge of the layer are two predominant factors for the stability of the particles.
Changes of polymer morphology caused by u.v. irradiation: 2. Surface destruction of polymer blends
1996, Polymer
The morphology of poly(methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene and poly(vinyl acetate)/polystyrene blends with different compositions was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The multiphase structure and surface damage of blends caused by highly energetic, polychromatic u.v. irradiation is presented. It was found that photodegradation of polymer blends was initiated at the phase boundary or in the phase of the less stable polymer. The changes which occur in interfacial interactions, probably caused by the formation of polar groups during photo-oxidation, are discussed.
Nanoparticle characterization by continuous contrast variation in small-angle X-ray scattering with a solvent density gradient
2015, Journal of Applied Crystallography

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Polymer paperMicrostructure of polyacrylate/polystyrene two-stage latices

Abstract

Polymer

Ultramicroscopy

Polymer

Polymer Blends

Polym. Eng. Sci.

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

J. Microscopy

J. Elec. Micr. Technique

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

J. Polym. Sci. Macromolec. Rev.

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

Polym. Eng. Sci.

Polym. Eng. Sci.

Polym. Eng. Sci.

Polym. Eng. Sci.

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn.

Macromolecules

Polymer paper
Microstructure of polyacrylate/polystyrene two-stage latices