Topic 4 - Atmospheric chemistry - reactions and removalUrban stone sulphation and oil-fired carbonaceous particles
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Cited by (57)
Microscopic characterisation of black crusts on different substrates
2017, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :Undoubtedly, the formation of black crusts occurs mainly on carbonate stones, whose interactions with an SO2-enriched atmosphere lead to the transformation of calcite (CaCO3) into gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). Gypsum in turn, together with dust, airborne particles and all types of carbonaceous particulate matter coming from hydrocarbon materials, constitute the black crusts on the stone surface (Del Monte et al., 1984; Cultrone et al., 2008; El-Gohary, 2010; Ruffolo et al., 2015). This carbonaceous fraction is formed by organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), the latter mainly being emitted by traffic and responsible for the black colour of the crusts (Fermo et al., 2015).
Colours Found during Restoration of the Seville City Hall Facade
2016, Procedia EngineeringStudy and restoration of the Seville City Hall façade
2014, Construction and Building MaterialsCitation Excerpt :The SEM chemical analysis also showed the presence of microspherules of varying chemical compositions: (a) carbon, (b) iron, (c) phosphorus and calcium, (d) sulphur and calcium and (e) silicium and aluminium, all produced by combustion. This analysis also identified the presence of Fe, Al, Ti, Cr, V and Pb, all of which are catalysts in gypsum formation when SO2 is present [32,11,33]. The surface of the stones was found to be covered by dust (sample 26).
The effect of coal and diesel particulates on the weathering loss of Portland Limestone in an urban environment
2006, Science of the Total EnvironmentIsolation and characterisation of barium sulphate and titanium oxides in monument crusts
2004, Analytica Chimica ActaCitation Excerpt :These substances remain for a long time on the surface and are mainly responsible for the alteration processes, producing black crusts on the exposed surfaces. Different studies have shown that the surface layers of ornamental materials may contain many components from the environment and/or from the alteration processes [1–6]. The main constituent of these crusts is gypsum, with a lower proportion of silicate minerals, iron oxyhydroxides, alkanes, soot, particles from car tyres, asphalt, diverse ions, etc.