Advances in photodegradation and stabilization of polyurethanes

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      In case of coated PET fabrics, additional peaks were observed because of PU and nanoparticles [27]. After superimposing the FTIR spectra of PU/CeO2 nanocomposites with varying concentration of ceria in PU (Fig. 6), variation in peak intensities were observed for three stretching vibrations at 3317 cm−1 (for NH), 1700 cm−1 (for CO) and 1100 cm−1 (for C-O-C ether linkage) [29,30], which might be due to the change in amount of hydrogen bonds in PU nanocomposites. The trend in the change of peak intensity with respect to the concentration of CeO2 in PU matrix was similar for all these three peaks.

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      The nature of substituents on the aromatic ring influences the extent to which this keto-enol isomerism contributes to photostabilization [27,207]. The prices of phenyl esters of benzoic acid are relatively low, which makes them popular for practical use [27]. However, it is noteworthy that these phenyl UV absorbers may yellow on exposure to UV light, as they are subject to photo-Fries rearrangements [27].

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      During extrusion of TPU and citric acid labels at 176–182 °C, multiple chemical, thermal and photooxidative reactions degraded TPU structure (Fig. 2a) to smaller products exhibiting different thermal properties (Bosman, 2002; Diller et al., 1994; Thapliyal & Chandra, 1990). The two most prominent peaks were the results of: a) the melting of hard crystalline segments around 100 °C resulting from scission of TPU larger chains at the soft polyether segments, and b) the melting at 16 °C resulting from small molecule degradation products from detrimental chemical reactions and other degradative processes (Bosman, 2002; Dieterich, Grigat, Hahn, Hespe, & Schmelzer, 1994; Thapliyal & Chandra, 1990). Given the poor properties of PCL and TPU labels, release studies were conducted only on EVA labels.

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