Cellulose pretreaments of lignocellulosic substrates

doi:10.1016/0141-0229(94)90012-4

Enzyme and Microbial Technology

Volume 16, Issue 11, November 1994, Pages 1002-1004

https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(94)90012-4 Get rights and content

Abstract

Cellulose in inedible plant materials, forestry residues, and municipal wastes must be pretreated to disrupt its physical structure, thereby making its hydrolysis to glucose paractical. Developments since 1991 are summarized.

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Cited by (125)

Perspectives
2020, Recent Advances in Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Biofuels and Value Added Chemicals within the Biorefinery Concept
Two oil crises in the 1970s brought oil prices to record levels. Since then, the need for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels and chemicals has been recognized. In this sense a bio-based economy has been promoted in the format of sustainable biorefineries. As defined by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL; CO, United States) and International Energy Agency (IEA Bioenergy; France), the term “biorefinery” refers to “the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy.” An innovative and cost-efficient bio-based economy needs effectively developed and integrated biorefining systems. In this scenario, sustainability is a major aspect for the development of biorefinery systems. In this chapter, we summarize key aspects in the context of biorefinery discussed in previous chapters, and we also discuss what to expect from biorefineries to improve sustainability.
Lignin–Enzyme Interactions in the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
2019, Trends in Biotechnology
Lignin is central to overcoming recalcitrance in the enzyme hydrolysis of lignocellulose. While the term implies a physical barrier in the cell wall structure, there are also important biochemical components that direct interactions between lignin and the hydrolytic enzymes that attack cellulose in plant cell walls. Progress toward a deeper understanding of the lignin synthesis pathway – and the consistency between a range of observations over the past 40 years in the very extensive literature on cellulose hydrolysis – is resulting in advances in reducing a major impediment to cellulose conversion: the cost of enzymes. This review addresses lignin and its role in the hydrolysis of hardwood and other lignocellulosic residues.
Biorefineries for wheat bran: Sustainable utilization and market potential
2018, Sustainable Recovery and Reutilization of Cereal Processing By-Products
Biobased products can be manufactured from various feedstocks. The increasing need for these products is the driving force for the growth of the biorefinery market. There is an ongoing debate whether bioproducts will replace fossil-based products. This chapter provides an overview of recent studies on the biorefinery concept and investigates its possible use for conversion of wheat bran into value-added biobased products. A large number of methods and technologies have been researched and developed, resulting in high recovery of sugars and value-added products. An overview of end products and by-products of wheat bran using diverse biorefinery concepts and their applications in the main sectors is demonstrated. In addition, market potential provides economic and scientific insights, and novel biorefinery concepts are identified and discussed in spite of comparing various biomass conversion technologies. This chapter also provides an outline of various steps involved in biochemical conversion of carbohydrates to biofuels, bioethanol, and biobutanols, and conversion of nature's most abundant aromatic polymer, lignin, to value-added products. The limitations of biomass development, lignocellulose deconstruction, specialty fuels, and bioproduct development from biomass are discussed by considering most of the workshop results together with future opportunities for basic research in support of a sustainable and commercially viable advanced biofuels and bioproducts industry. Bioeconomy is the sustainable production and conversion of biomass for a range of food, health, fiber, industrial, and energy products through the application of biotechnologies in biorefineries using nonfood plants and trees for industrial purposes. This chapter researches recent global trends and developments of scientific studies in the field of biorefinery concepts. The products of knowledge-based biorefinery are expected to have a one-third share of industrial production.
Industrial and nonfood applications
2018, Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry, Technology, and Nutritional Attributes
The use of sorghum for industrial and nonfood applications arises from its suitability for bioethanol production, using sorghum grain, biomass, or sweet sorghum, the processes of which are described in this chapter. Of the millets, pearl millet has been identified as suitable feedstock for ethanol production, with comparable yields to maize under laboratory conditions, but there are currently no bioethanol plants using millet as feedstock. To improve the economic viability of the sorghum bioethanol process, innovative ways are needed to utilize the kafirin-rich by-products produced such as distillers' dried grain with solubles (DDGS) for value-added products. Kafirin is more hydrophobic and less digestible than other prolamins and can be used to produce bioplastics with superior functional properties to those made from zein or gluten. Biomaterials made from kafirin have low hydrophilicity, bio- and cyto-compatibility, and biodegradability. Confirmation that these materials are safe (nonimmunogenic) is needed. In addition, for these applications to be exploited, an inexpensive and consistent source of kafirin of consistent quality is needed. Potentially, millet prolamins extracted from millet DDGS would be suitable for making protein bioplastics, but there is little-published information in this regard. High-value chemicals extracted from sorghum DDGS have potential for application as novel functional or health-promoting ingredients for food, feed, medical, and other industrial uses.
Proteins at heterogeneous (lignocellulose) interfaces
2017, Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource capable of addressing the increasing worldwide demand for energy and the movement toward low carbon footprint, liquid transportation and aviation biofuels. Purposely grown energy crops (wood and grasses) and crop residues (corn stalks, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat straw) are available for conversion to biofuels if attractive process economics are achieved in hydrolyzing these lignocellulosic materials to sugars and converting the sugars to biofuels and bioproducts. Cellulase enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose to glucose currently contribute operating expenses of $0.15–$0.20 per liter of ethanol out of a total of $0.53. The goal is to decrease enzyme costs to 3–5 ¢/L. The high cost is in part due to the high loading of cellulases needed to make up activity losses when the enzymes bind to lignin rather than the cellulose substrate that is located in close proximity to the lignin. We address the concept of using liquid chromatography columns packed with biomass to efficiently probe partitioning of cellulases and other proteins on the surfaces of various forms of lignocellulose. The correlation of elution profiles to fundamental adsorption behavior provides a pathway to a deeper understanding of inhibition of cellulose hydrolysis due to interactions of proteins at heterogeneous lignocellulosic interfaces.
Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass by oleaginous yeast and bacteria for production of biodiesel and renewable diesel
2017, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Development of biodiesel and renewable diesel is hampered by the high cost of feedstocks (60–70% of the total cost). In order for these biofuels to substitute or supplement petro-diesel, the utilization of cheap and abundantly available feedstock is invaluable. Lignocellulose constitutes a significant proportion of agroindustrial waste and it is the most abundant feedstock on earth for production of biofuels. Oleaginous microorganisms, when grown on lignocellulosic hydrolysates under nitrogen-starved conditions, can utilize holocellulose-based sugars for significant lipid accumulation (sometimes up to 70% of Dry Cell Weight or DCW). Rapid growth rate, high lipid accumulation capacity, well established mechanism for oil accumulation, and high content of Triacylglycerols(TAGs) in oil and fatty acid profiles makes oil production from oleaginous organisms very attractive. Some fungi and oleaginous bacteria can also utilize lignin-like compounds as substrate. Identification of oleaginous microorganisms that are tolerant to toxic by-products; are capable of utilizing pentose, hexose and lignin-like compounds simultaneously;have high neutral lipid accumulation capacity; and have desirable fatty acid profiles are all critical. Biotechnology and genetic engineering for modifying the structure and relative proportion of lignocellulosic components in the biomass, efficient pretreatment and hydrolysis methods, and standard culture conditions are also important.

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Enzyme and Microbial Technology

Abstract

References (22)

Hydrogen bonds on the structures of carbohydrates

J. Mol. Structure

n-Propylamine pretreatemt of buffered solvent pulp to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis

Bioresource Technol.

Dillute sulfuric acid pretreatment of hardwood bark

Bioresource Technol.

Common aspects of acid prehydrolysis and stem expolosion for pretreating wood

Bioresource Technol.

Enzymatic saccharification of hemicellulose obtained from hydrothermally pretreated sugar cane bagasse and beech bark

Bioresource Technol.

Process considerations in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass

Enzyme Microb. Technol.

Enzymatic combustion: The microbial degradation of lignin

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

Comparison of pretreatnment methods on the basis of available surface area

Bioresource Technol.

Correlating the effect of pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of straw

Biotechnol. Bioeng.

Organosolv-pulping III: The influence of formic acid delignification of the enzymatic hydrolysis of Pinus radiata D. Don sawdust

Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.

Combined chemiocal and enzymatic treatments of corn husk lignocellulosics

J. Sci. Food Agric.

Cited by (125)

Perspectives

Lignin–Enzyme Interactions in the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Biorefineries for wheat bran: Sustainable utilization and market potential

Industrial and nonfood applications

Proteins at heterogeneous (lignocellulose) interfaces

Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass by oleaginous yeast and bacteria for production of biodiesel and renewable diesel

Literature surveyCellulose pretreaments of lignocellulosic substrates

Abstract

J. Mol. Structure

Bioresource Technol.

Bioresource Technol.

Bioresource Technol.

Bioresource Technol.

Enzyme Microb. Technol.

Enzymatic combustion: The microbial degradation of lignin

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

Comparison of pretreatnment methods on the basis of available surface area

Bioresource Technol.

Correlating the effect of pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of straw

Biotechnol. Bioeng.

Organosolv-pulping III: The influence of formic acid delignification of the enzymatic hydrolysis of Pinus radiata D. Don sawdust

Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.

Combined chemiocal and enzymatic treatments of corn husk lignocellulosics

J. Sci. Food Agric.

Literature survey
Cellulose pretreaments of lignocellulosic substrates