Acute toxic effects of produced water in relation to chemical composition and dispersion
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2020, Advances in Colloid and Interface ScienceCitation Excerpt :For more comprehensive data on the ionic composition of produced water, spectroscopic techniques are used. The concentration of common cations, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium or iron, can be determined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) [36,37], mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [39,156], direct current plasma optical emission spectrometry (DCP-OES) [156,157] or ion chromatography (IC) [158]. Other cations (e.g. heavy metals), for example cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel or zinc are commonly detected with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) [22,159,160], but also ICP-OES [161] or ICP-MS [162].
Copyright © 1995 Published by Elsevier Ltd.