Geochemistry and isotope chemistry of Michigan Basin brines: Devonian formations

doi:10.1016/0883-2927(93)90058-O

Applied Geochemistry

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 1993, Pages 81-100

https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90058-O Get rights and content

Abstract

Detailed chemical and isotope analysis of 87 formation waters collected from six Devonian-aged units in the Michigan Basin are presented and discussed in terms of the origin of the dissolved components and the water. Total dissolved solids in these waters range from 200,000 to >400,000mg/1. Upper Devonian formations produce dominantly Na single bond CaCl brine, while deeper formations produce CaNaCl water. Ratios of Cl/Br and Na/Br along with divalent cation content (MCl₂), indicate that these brines are derived from evapo-concentrated seawater. Other ion concentrations appear to be extensively modified from seawater values by water-rock reactions. The most important reactions are dolomitization, which explains the Ca content of the brines, and reactions involving aluminosilicate minerals. Stable isotope (δ¹⁸O and δD) compositions indicate that water molecules in the deeper formations are derived from primary concentrated seawater. Isotope enrichment by exchange with carbonates and perhaps gypsum cannot be discounted. Isotope values indicate water in the Upper Devonian formations is a mixture of seawater brine diluted with meteoric-derived water. Dilution has predominantly occurred in basin margins. Two scenarios are presented for the origin of the brines in the Devonian formations: (1) they originated when the Devonian sediments and evaporites were first deposited; or (2) they are residual brine liberated from the deeper Devonian and possibly Silurian salt deposits.

References (99)

CarpenterS.J. et al.
¹⁸O values,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Sr/Mg ratios of Late Devonian abiotic marine calcite: implications for the composition of ancient seawater
Geochim. cosmochim. Acta
(1991)
DicksonA.G.
pH scales and proton-transfer reactions in saline media such as seawater
Geochim. cosmochim. Acta
(1984)
FriedmanG.M. et al.
Origin and occurrences of dolostones
FritzP. et al.
Reply to comments by Grabczak et al. on “Water-rock interaction and chemistry of groundwaters from the Canadian Shield.”
Geochim. cosmochim. Acta
(1986)
HarvieC.E. et al.
The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: the NaKMgCaClSO₄H₂O system from zero to high concentrations at 25°C
Geochim. cosmochim. Acta
(1980)
HawleyJ.E. et al.
Interpretation of ph measurements in concentrated electrolyte solutions
Marine Chem.
(1973)
HitchonB. et al.
Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin—III. Factors controlling chemical composition
Geochim. cosmochim. Acta
(1971)
HitchonB. et al.
Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin: I. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen
Geochim. cosmochim. Acta
(1969)
KharakaY.K. et al.
Isotopic composition of oil-field brines from Kettleman North Dome, California, and their geologic implications
Geochim. cosmochim. Acta
(1973)
KharakaY.K. et al.
Geochemistry of metal-rich brines from central Mississippi Salt Dome basin, U.S.A.
Appl. Geochem.
(1987)

LandL.S. et al.

The origin and evolution of saline formation water, Lower Cretaceous carbonates, south-central Texas

J. Hydrol.

(1981)

LloydR.M.

Oxygen isotope enrichment of seawater by evaporation

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

(1966)

MerinoE.

Diagenesis in Tertiary sandstones from Kettleman North Dome, California—II. Interstitial solutions: distribution of aqueous species at 100°C and chemical relation to diagenetic mineralogy

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

(1975)

SassE. et al.

Behavior of strontium in subsurface calcium chloride brines: southern Israel and Dead Sea rift valley

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

(1979)

SoferZ. et al.

Activities and concentrations of oxygen-18 in concentrated aqueous salt solutions: analytical and geophysical implications

Earth planet. Sci. Lett.

(1972)

SoferZ. et al.

The isotopic composition of evaporating brines: effects of the isotopic activity ratio in saline solutions

Earth planet. Sci. Lett.

(1975)

SpencerR.J.

Origin of CaCl brines in Devonian formations, western Canada sedimentary basin

Appl. Geochem.

(1987)

American Petroleum Institute

Recommended Practice for Analysis of Oil-field Waters

(1968)

BassettR.L. et al.

Deep brine aquifers in the Palo Duro Basin: regional flow and geochemical constraints

Texas Bur. Econ. Geol. Rept Invest.

(1983)

BathurstR.G.

Carbonate Sediments and Their Diagenesis

(1975)

BeeckerR.

Chemical variations in the Dundee Formation waters

(1940)

BeinA. et al.

Carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis associated with MgCaCl brines: the Permian San Andres Formation in the Texas panhandle

J. sedim. Petrol.

(1983)

BethkeC.M.

Compaction-driven groundwater flow and heat transfer in intercratonic sedimentary basins and genesis of the upper Mississippi valley mineral district

(1985)

BillingsG.K. et al.

Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin, 2. Alkali metals

Chem. Geol.

(1969)

BorchertH. et al.

Salt Deposits, The Origin, Metamorphism and Deformation of Evaporites

(1964)

BrownE. et al.

Methods for collection and analysis of water samples for dissolved minerals and gases

U.S. Geol. Surv. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations

(1979)

BushP.R.

Chloride-rich brines from sabkha environments and their role in ore formation

Inst. Min. Metall. Trans.

(1970)

CarpenterA.B.

Origin and chemical evolution of brines in sedimentary basins. Oklahoma

Geol. Surv. Cir.

(1978)

CarpenterA.B.

Interim report on lead and zinc in oil-field brines in the central Gulf Coast and in southern Michigan

Society of Mining Engineers of AIME reprint No. 79–95

(1979)

CarpenterA.B. et al.

Preliminary report on the origin and chemical evolution of lead and zinc-rich oil field brines in central Mississippi

Econ. Geol.

(1974)

CaseL.C.

Exceptional Silurian brine near Bay City, Michigan

Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.

(1945)

CerconeK.R.

Thermal history of Michigan basin

Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.

(1984)

CerconeK.R. et al.

Late burial diagenesis of Niagram (Middle Silurian) pinnacle reefs in the Michigan Basin

Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol Geol.

(1987)

ChaveK.E.

Evidence on history of seawater from chemistry of deeper subsurface waters of ancient basins

Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.

(1960)

ClaytonR. et al.

The origin of saline formation waters: I. Isotopic composition

J. geophys. Res.

(1966)

CoheeG.V. et al.

Oil in the Michigan basin

CollinsA.G.

Geochemistry of Oilfield Brines

(1975)

CollinsA.G. et al.

Potentiometric determination of ammonium nitrogen in oil-field brines

Environ. Sci. Tech.

(1969)

CookL.

Salt and brine deposits in Michigan

CraigH.

Isotopic variations in meteoric water

Science

(1961)

DegensE.T. et al.

Diagenesis of subsurface waters

DellwigL.F.

Origin of the Salina salt of Michigan

J. sedimen. Petrol.

(1955)

DomenicoP.A. et al.

The displacement of connate waters from aquifers

Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.

(1985)

DorrJ.A. et al.

Geology of Michigan

(1984)

DresselP.E. et al.

Chemistry and origin of oil and gas wells brines in Western Pennsylvania

(1982)

DuttonA.R.

Origin of brine in the San Andres formation, evaporite confining system, Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico

Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.

(1987)

EglesonG.C. et al.

Variations in the composition of brines from the Sylvania Formation near Midland Michigan

Environ. Sci. Tech.

(1969)

EugsterH.P. et al.

Behavior of major solutes during closed-basin brine evolution

Am. J. Sci.

(1979)

Cited by (101)

Controls on lithium content of oilfield waters in Texas and neighboring states (USA)
2024, Journal of Geochemical Exploration
The amount of lithium (Li) required to support the energy transition underscores the need to develop Li sources beyond the traditional hard-rock mining and surface continental brines. The objective of this study was to explore the potential for Li production from oilfield waters in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. Data on Li concentrations were obtained from ~2450 formation water samples taken in states along the greater Gulf Coast (NM, TX, OK, LA, AR, and MS). The dataset contains geochemical analyses that spans >70 years, including the USGS database (v2.3), compilation of recent data previously published by the authors, analyses from recently collected samples and from archived samples, and data from U.S. Bureau of Mines reports.
Aqueous Li distribution is lognormal, typical of trace elements, with background levels in the 0–20 mg/L range. High concentrations (≥80 mg/L) are restricted to some intervals at certain locations: Jurassic Smackover Formation, a well-known brine deposit in Arkansas (300+ mg/L Li), but also along the Gulf Coast in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi (several samples ≥100 mg/L Li); Permian and Pennsylvanian Granite Wash in the Anadarko Basin of Texas (several samples >100 mg/L Li) (not confirmed); and Cretaceous Edwards Formation of South Texas (several samples ≥100 mg/L Li). Genetic models for Li enrichment are lacking, but high Li seems to be related to the noted fact that Li concentrations increase with depth and with total dissolved solids. Other common characteristics of high-Li brines in the Gulf Coast are high K, Ca, and B, which reflect water-rock interactions, presence of major faults, and association with higher permeability intervals that can spread Li-bearing fluids. Host rocks for high-dissolved Li brines commonly are carbonates, possibly because of their limited sorption opportunities. Close connection to an igneous basement or to a depositional environment that supported accumulation of surface continental brines does not seem to be required.
Lithium enrichment processes in sedimentary formation waters
2023, Chemical Geology
Reservoirs exploited for oil, gas, or geothermal energy in sedimentary basins may represent an alternative lithium resource to salars and hard rocks. Similarities in the geochemical characteristics of the basins were searched using a database of 2400 water analyses available from more than 40 sedimentary basins worldwide, notably a selection of representative geochemical trends on 13 basins. The objective was to understand better the factors controlling Li concentrations and the potentiality of such basins for the Li-recovery. Considering LiCl and MgCl relationships, major cation (Na/K, Na/Ca) and halogen (Cl/Br) ratios, Li concentrations are monitored in several basins by mixing processes between low salinity recharge waters, seawater and brines. Lithium concentrations span three orders of magnitude in brines between evaporated seawater that has passed saturation with halite and a particularly Li-enriched pole. In the latter, significant Li-enrichment is obtained when brines are primary, in equilibrium with halite, and then enriched in Li through fluid-rock interaction processes. Li-rich lithologies such as volcanic rocks, Li-enriched clay formations, or Li-phyllosilicates dispersed in siliciclastic rocks or the underlying crystalline basement probably act as the primary Li sources. Finally, Li extraction is promoted by the rise in temperature, which explains the high Li concentrations in the waters of geothermal systems. Therefore, favourable reservoirs for Li-rich brines are characterised by a brine collection from evaporites during tectonic events, such as compressive events or salt tectonics, at a relatively short distance from the present reservoir. They must be preserved from convection and surface water ingress via recharge zones to prevent dilution and Li depletion.
The Middle Jurassic Sanhe Pb–Zn–Ag deposit in NE China: Constraints from geochronology, geochemistry, fluid inclusion and multi-isotope (S–Pb–He–Hf) systematics
2022, Ore Geology Reviews
The Sanhe is a typical medium-size Pb–Zn–Ag deposit in the Argun Massif, NE China. Its Pb–Zn–Ag orebodies are mainly hosted in the Jurassic Tamulangou Formation volcanic rocks. The orebodies occur as quartz vein clusters. The ore-forming quartz porphyry is LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dated to be 165.2 ± 1.2 Ma, and the ore sphalerite yielded a Rb–Sr age of 162.5 ± 4.3 Ma. These ages indicate that the Sanhe represents the oldest Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization in the Argun Massif. Combined with published age data, the Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization of the Argun Massif occurred in three phases at ca. 160 Ma, 140 Ma and 130 Ma. The quartz porphyry shows right-inclining REE ((La/Yb)_N = 22.92–40.69) patterns and negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.68–0.81), together with enrichments in K, La, Ce, Nd, Zr and Hf but depletions in Ba, Ta, Nb, Sr, P and Ti. Whole-rock geochemistry and Hf isotopes suggest that the quartz porphyry was derived from partial melting of juvenile lower crustal materials during the post–collision extension of the Mongol–Okhotsk orogenic belt. Sulfide S–Pb isotope compositions indicate that the ore-forming materials were derived from the deep magma, whilst He isotopes indicate that the ore fluids were dominantly crustal-derived. Fluid chemical compositions obtained from LA–ICP–MS single fluid inclusion analyses support that mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water was an important mineralization trigger at Sanhe. Our new data show that the involvement of unusually metal-rich fluids is a prerequisite to form abundant Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization at Sanhe.
The provenance and evolution of thermal spring waters from the Dogai Coring area of Qiangtang basin in Tibet, China
2022, Geothermics
Citation Excerpt :
However, the formation and evolution of saline waters in sedimentary basins often involve complex processes. There has never been such a single model that can solve all problems regarding the formation and evolution of saline waters (Wilson et al., 1993). Use of geochemical analysis and isotopic tracer technique allows effectively exploring the provenance and formation process of groundwater containing salt.
Chemistry of major and minor elements, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δO, δD, and δ³⁴S of thermal spring water, and ³⁴S of gypsum were measured from Jurassic strata in the Qiangtang basin, China. The aim is to elucidate the provenance and evolution of thermal spring water, further to reveal geological information on the deep basin. Analysis results show that the spring waters are rich in K and Ca but deficient in Mg and Br. Most spring water samples have TDS within the range of 10–100 g/L, with a few containing 1–10 g/L TDS, and can be referred to as saline springs. High consistency of spring water data with seawater curves indicates that Na and Cl in spring water are derived from residual seawater sequestered in strata, or dissolution of self-evaporiting salts in strata. However, the mean Cl/Br value of spring water samples ranges from 1000 to 30,000, further indicating that solutes in spring water are derived from dissolved evaporites (e.g., NaCl) in strata. Sulfur isotopic characteristics indicate that thermal spring waters commonly dissolve Jurassic gypsum in strata and dolomitization of calcite is the mainly reason for Mg loss. The interpretation of Ca enrichment of spring waters of northwest Wan'an Lake (NWA), Yuanquan River (YQR), and east Thermal Spring (ETS) include: dissolution of gypsum and albitization of plagioclase. Spring waters of south Dogai Coring Lake (SDC) are enriched with more Ca than that at the NWA, YQR and east ETS, mainly due to dissolution of gypsum and dolomitization of calcite. The enrichment of K of spring waters at NWA, YQR and ETS can be attributed to albitization and dissolution of K-feldspar in groundwater. Relatively increased K in SDC spring waters are possibly derived from dissolution of potassium minerals (e.g., KCl). The 2nd member of Xiali Formation has ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values distributed in a consistent range with those of thermal spring waters in the Dogai Coring area, which is most likely the source horizon of salts (e.g., halite, gypsum, and sylvine). Modern meteoric water enter strata and dissolve ancient evaporites.
Lithium-rich geothermal brines in Europe: An up-date about geochemical characteristics and implications for potential Li resources
2022, Geothermics
Citation Excerpt :
Outside Europe, Li-rich deep brines (up to 983 mg/l of Li) are found in some geothermal fields like Salton Sea, in California, USA (Werner, 1970; Elders and Cohen, 1983; Williams and McKibben, 1989; Sanjuan and Millot, 2009), in the Siberian sedimentary platform (Shouakar-Stash et al., 2007; Alekseeva and Alekseev, 2018), or in the Tibet Plateau (Li et al., 2018a; 2019). Average Li contents of oilfield brines are usually below 10 mg/l, but brines with high Li concentrations of up to 500 mg/l occur in some hydrocarbon source rocks (Blake, 1974; Collins, 1975; Connolly et al., 1990; Moldovanyi et al., 1993; Stueber et al., 1993; Wilson and Long, 1993; Chan et al., 2002; Williams and Hervig, 2005; Tabarès, 2013). High Li concentrations have also been observed in deep ocean thermal vents (Garrett, 2004).
Lithium (Li) is a strategic metal - especially for batteries in electric vehicles - for which worldwide demand is constantly increasing. Presently, several investigations are examining if a part of lithium could be extracted from deep European geothermal fluids. Among the data from geothermal and hydrocarbon wells found in the literature review carried out by BRGM and EIFER, only six areas stand out with deep fluids containing high Li concentrations from 125 to 480 mg/l in Italy, Germany, France and the United-Kingdom. Except the UK fluid, which has a relatively low salinity (TDS = 19 g/l) and reservoir temperature (around 52 °C), these deep Li-rich fluids are Na-Cl brines (TDS ≥ 56 g/l) with high concentrations of Na (> 18 g/l) and Cl (> 25 g/l) and high temperatures (≥ 120 °C and up to 380 °C in Italy). If high TDS and temperature values seem to be key factors for triggering high Li concentrations in such fluids, these two factors alone cannot be sufficient. Indeed, our study confirms that Li concentrations not only depend on temperature and fluid salinity, but also on the type of reservoir rock and its mineralogical constituents, as demonstrated by the good results obtained using two different Na-Li thermometric relationships existing in the literature. One fits well with the brines from low to high temperature (120–250 °C) reservoirs in deep tectonic sedimentary basins over a crystalline basement (France, Germany) and the other with the fluids from ultra-high temperature (≥ 300 °C) reservoirs in volcano-sedimentary environment (Italy). If the high chloride concentrations values in these brines mainly depend on the fluid origin (evaporated seawater or freshwater, halite dissolution, primary neutralization fluids or parent-geothermal fluids in high-temperature and -pressure volcanic environments, water mixing, etc.), the other aqueous major species are mostly controlled by hydrothermal water-rock interaction processes. At these temperatures (≥ 120 °C), the fluid-rock interaction processes are generally dominated by plagioclase and K-feldspar dissolution, followed by albitization of these minerals, dissolution of white micas and biotite, precipitation of illite, and chloritization. According to the two Na-Li thermometric relationships, existing mineralogical and isotopic data, this study suggests that the main sources of Li are white micas and biotite dissolution. Among the European areas, it shows that the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) along the French/German border is probably the most promising zone. For the URG geothermal brines, the main source and control of lithium, at about 225 °C, at reservoir depth, is probably the up to 450-m-thick micaceous continental sandstone of Triassic Buntsandstein. A minor contribution from the granite basement can also not be excluded. Though the Li concentration values of these brines (≥ 150 mg/l) seem to be favourable for geothermal Li exploitation, it is essential to make an as accurate as possible estimate of the Li resource of these brines, design the Li extraction process, and examine the economic conditions of its exploitation.
Multiple geochemical and isotopic (Boron, Strontium, Carbon) indicators for reconstruction of the origin and evolution of oilfield water from Jiuquan Basin, Northwestern China
2021, Applied Geochemistry
Citation Excerpt :
Crude oil is commonly associated with the co-production of fluids known as “oilfield water” or “oil-produced water”. Many studies have evaluated the origin of oilfield water (Collins, 1975b; Egeberg and Aagaard, 1989; Fontes and Matray, 1993; Kharaka, 1977; McMahon et al., 2018; McNutt et al., 1987; Surdam and MacGowan, 1987; Williams et al., 2001; Wilson and Long, 1993), their possible migration across basins (Darrah et al., 2015b; Osborn, 2010), and their relationships with different fluids, such as meteoric water (Bein, 1993; Engle et al., 2016; Martini et al., 1998). While oilfield water from conventional oil wells is composed predominantly of formation water, in unconventional tight oil the flowback water is composed of a mixture of the injected hydraulic fracturing fluid and the formation water, with the formation water fraction increasing over time (Balashov et al., 2015; Haluszczak et al., 2013; Kondash et al., 2017; Ni et al., 2018).
Oilfield water contains valuable information on the origin, migration, and geochemical evolution of fluids in sedimentary basins. Jiuquan Basin is one of the richest oil basins in China and holds large potential for future tight oil exploration. We use a wide range of geochemical and isotopic tracers to evaluate the origin and reconstruct the migration of oilfield water across Jiuquan Basin, including major (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH₄, Cl, SO₄, Br, HCO₃) and minor (B, Li, Ba, Sr, Rb) elements, water isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ²H), the isotopes of carbon (δ¹³C-DIC), boron, (δ¹¹B), and strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr). We show that the oilfield water was co-generated with the original hydrocarbons in the deep Qingxi sub-basin in the western part of the basin, and were derived from blending of two distinctive sources (1) deep-source brine that originated from relicts of evaporated seawater; and (2) geothermal water that underwent intensive water-rock interactions with the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation, characterized by high DIC, Li⁺ , B, and SO₄ concentrations and distinctive δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C-DIC, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, which are consistent with the composition of the source rocks of Xiagou Formation. The distinctive geothermal signature was detected in the Yaerxia oilfield water in the eastern side of the Qingxi sub-basin, suggesting eastward co-migration of the geothermal water and crude oil to the shallow geological trap. Further eastward migration of the saline formation water into less saline environment in the central (Laojunmiao) and eastern (Shiyougou) fields caused base-exchange reactions, adsorption, and sulfate reduction that resulted in a progressive reduction in the overall salinity, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Li⁺, B, SO₄²⁻, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, coupled with increasing Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺, and δ¹¹B. Later dilution of Laojunmiao oil field caused B desorption, oxidation of organic matter, and secondary methanogenesis. The integration of multiple geochemical tracers provides systematic geochemical criteria's for reconstructing the origin and evolution of the oilfield water in Jiuquan Basin and the ability to distinguish between the original composition and secondary modification of the geochemistry of the oilfield water.

View all citing articles on Scopus

^*: Now at Kent State University, Kent State, Ohio, U.S.A.

View full text

Geochemistry and isotope chemistry of Michigan Basin brines: Devonian formations

Abstract

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Marine Chem.

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Appl. Geochem.

J. Hydrol.

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Geochim. cosmochim. Acta

Earth planet. Sci. Lett.

Earth planet. Sci. Lett.

Appl. Geochem.

Recommended Practice for Analysis of Oil-field Waters

Deep brine aquifers in the Palo Duro Basin: regional flow and geochemical constraints

Texas Bur. Econ. Geol. Rept Invest.

Carbonate Sediments and Their Diagenesis

Chemical variations in the Dundee Formation waters

Carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis associated with MgCaCl brines: the Permian San Andres Formation in the Texas panhandle

J. sedim. Petrol.

Compaction-driven groundwater flow and heat transfer in intercratonic sedimentary basins and genesis of the upper Mississippi valley mineral district

Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin, 2. Alkali metals

Chem. Geol.

Salt Deposits, The Origin, Metamorphism and Deformation of Evaporites

Methods for collection and analysis of water samples for dissolved minerals and gases

U.S. Geol. Surv. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations

Chloride-rich brines from sabkha environments and their role in ore formation

Inst. Min. Metall. Trans.

Origin and chemical evolution of brines in sedimentary basins. Oklahoma

Geol. Surv. Cir.

Interim report on lead and zinc in oil-field brines in the central Gulf Coast and in southern Michigan

Society of Mining Engineers of AIME reprint No. 79–95

Preliminary report on the origin and chemical evolution of lead and zinc-rich oil field brines in central Mississippi

Econ. Geol.

Exceptional Silurian brine near Bay City, Michigan

Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.

Thermal history of Michigan basin

Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.

Late burial diagenesis of Niagram (Middle Silurian) pinnacle reefs in the Michigan Basin

Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol Geol.

Evidence on history of seawater from chemistry of deeper subsurface waters of ancient basins

Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.

The origin of saline formation waters: I. Isotopic composition

J. geophys. Res.

Oil in the Michigan basin

Geochemistry of Oilfield Brines

Potentiometric determination of ammonium nitrogen in oil-field brines

Environ. Sci. Tech.

Salt and brine deposits in Michigan

Isotopic variations in meteoric water

Science

Diagenesis of subsurface waters

Origin of the Salina salt of Michigan

J. sedimen. Petrol.

The displacement of connate waters from aquifers

Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.

Geology of Michigan

Chemistry and origin of oil and gas wells brines in Western Pennsylvania

Origin of brine in the San Andres formation, evaporite confining system, Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico

Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.

Variations in the composition of brines from the Sylvania Formation near Midland Michigan

Environ. Sci. Tech.

Behavior of major solutes during closed-basin brine evolution

Am. J. Sci.