Utilization of goat milk vs. milk replacer for granadina goat kids

doi:10.1016/0921-4488(90)90029-6

Small Ruminant Research

Volume 3, Issue 1, January 1990, Pages 37-46

https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(90)90029-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

Nutritional responses of Granadina goats fed goat milk or milk replacer were studied. Digestibility of nutrients, metabolizable energy, animal growth and performance were analyzed. In a factorial design, two sources of milk (goat milk and milk replacer), were fed at three levels (1.24, 1.86 and 2.48 times the energy required for maintenance) and two animal ages (15 and 30 days). The patterns of abomasal emptying and abomasal flow composition were determined also in goat kids fed goat milk or milk replacer ad libitum.

Nutrient digestibilities and metabolizable energy were greater in goats on goat milk than on milk replacer, and in goats 30 days of age than 15 days of age. Animal growth was similar in goats fed goat milk or milk replacer. Performance indicated greater fattening in goats fed goat milk than milk replacer, and in goats 30 days of age than 15 days of age. Protein and fat left the milk-fed abomasum more regularly at a slower rate of emptying than when kids were fed milk replacer. The pattern of abomasal emptying in goat kids was similar to other pre-ruminant animals. In conclusion, experimental animals made suitable use of milk replacer. Greatest differences were observed against goat milk feeding for ash digestibility and fat deposition.

Resumen

En el cabrito de raza Granadina se estudió el valor nutritivo de la leche de cabra y de un lactor-reemplazante. Por medio de un primer experimento, se determinó la digestibilidad de los diferentes nutrientes y metabolicidad de la energía, analizándose el crecimiento y desarrollo animal según los valores de pesos vivos, pesos vivos vacíos, desarrollos a la canal y porcentajes de grasa perirenal más pélvica. El diseño experimental correspondió a un factorial 2 × 3 × 2 en el que se consideraron dos clases de leche (leche de cabra y un lactorreemplazante), tres niveles de ingesta (1,24, 1,86 y 2,48 veces las necesidades energéticas de mantenimiento) y dos edades (15 y 30 días). En un segundo experimento se analizó el modelo de vaciamiento abomasal y composición del flujo abomasal en dos lotes de cabritos alimentados ad libitum, con la leche de cabra o el lactarreemplazante.

La digestibilidad de los nutrientes y metabolicidad de la energía, fueron mayores para los cabritos alimentados con leche de cabra y a la segunda edad considerada. El crecimiento resultó similar para los animales alimentados bien con leche de cabra o lactorreemplazante. El estado de engrasamiento fue más alto para los cabritos que consumieron leche de cabra e igualmente, al final del segundo ensayo. En los animales alimentados con leche de cabra, la proteína y grasa abandonaban el abomaso de una manera más regular, siendo la tasa de vaciamiento más baja.

Los resultados obtenidos indican que el modelo de vaciamiento abomasal en el cabrito, es similar al de otros animales pre-rumiantes. Los animales experimentales mostraron un buen uso del lactorreemplazante, siendo las mayores diferencias respecto a la utilización de la leche de cabra, aquellas detectadas en la digestibilidad de los minerales y estado de engrasamiento.

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Milk replacers should be carefully prepared following the mixing instructions. Compared with kids fed lamb milk replacer, kids fed goat milk showed higher nutrient digestibility, metabolizable energy, and fattening, whereas both groups showed similar growth (Sanz Sampelayo et al., 1990). These results suggest that goat kids made suitable use of the lamb milk replacer and that it could be used as a replacement for goat milk.
Dairy goat kid rearing is the foundation of future milk production, yet little is known on this topic. References available to producers are limited, making it more difficult for dairy goat farms to reach their full production potential. This review paper aimed to identify the current recommendations on dairy goat kid rearing practices for intensive production systems and to assess whether the different recommendations were based on scientific literature. Recommendations on dairy goat kid rearing practices, from birth to weaning inclusively, were presented and compared between countries under similar intensive production systems, including Canada, the United States, and France. The different areas of rearing investigated included kidding management, colostrum management, liquid and solid feeding, health management, disbudding, housing, weaning, and growth monitoring. Gaps in the literature were identified in all areas except for disbudding. More research on the topic of goat kid raising practices would be beneficial to refine and validate current recommendations.
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2019, Animal
In dairy goats, the kid rearing system can have critical importance in financial returns. Commonly used criteria for the choice of rearing system are not always clear due to the high number of factors involved. The aim of this study was to quantify all those factors to facilitate decision making. So, the effect of two different kid rearing systems, mixed rearing system (MRS) and artificial rearing system (ARS), on milk yield, milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC), milk yield loss at weaning for MRS, kid growth and costs of the different traits on the financial returns in Murciano-Granadina breed goats was studied. Twenty-four goats per group were used. In the MRS, goats reared only one kid, which had free access to goat milk 24 h a day and were weaned at week 6 of lactation, whereas kids in the ARS were separated from their mothers at kidding, colostrum and artificially reared. In both systems, dams were machine-milked once a day throughout lactation and the records took place weekly. Potential milk yield was estimated according to the oxytocin method up to week 12 of lactation, and was similar for both rearing systems, although a 12.3% drop in potential milk yield at weaning was observed for MRS. During the first 6 weeks of lactation, marketable milk was lower for dams in MRS compared to those in ARS (72.1 v. 113.0 l), but similar for the rest of the experiment (101.5 v. 99.4 l, respectively). Marketable milk composition and SCC throughout the 12 weeks of lactation were unaffected by the rearing system. Artificial rearing system entailed an increment in production cost of 22.2€ per kid compared to the rearing by MRS. A similar economic return per goat and kid was obtained from ARS and MRS in this experiment, although, due to one herd’s prolificacy of 1.8, the actual results would be 16.2€ per goat in favour of MRS. The real interest of this experiment may be the possibility of extrapolation to different flocks with diverse levels of milk production, prolificacy and prices and costs for incomes and outputs, to estimate the production system that increases returns. In conclusion, the results showed an increase in the cost of €22.2 per kid bred in the ARS, compared to the MRS, and a final return of 16.2€ per goat in favour of the mixed system.
The effect of maternal or artificial milk, age and sex on three muscles fatty acid profile of Damascus breed goat kids
2016, Livestock Science
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The results obtained herein are in accordance with some reports indicating an increased growth rate in the naturally suckled kids (Piasentier et al., 2000; Alasnier et al., 2000) and in contrast to other studies demonstrating no differences in the growth rate between naturally and artificially suckled kids (Keskin and Biçer, 2002; Delgado-Pertíñez et al., 2009). The discrepancies among studies as the effect of milk origin on the goat kids growth rate concerns, may be due to different breeds and goat kids ages used or may attributed to the influence of other factors, such as the higher digestibility of goat milk compared with some milk replacers (Sanz Sampelayo et al., 1990), the presence of growth promoter in the goats milk conversely to the artificial milks (Baumrucker and Blum, 1993), the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the maternal milk and different methods of administration of the milk replacers. A four-way ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of muscle (SP, LD, TB), type of rearing system (natural, artificial), slaughter age (49 days, 98 days) and sex on meat fatty acids profile.
Meat quality is related to a variety of muscle types consisting of different muscle fibers which are a reflection of its energy requirements and lipid content. Due to that, factors such as source of suckled milk, age and sex which affect the fatty acid (FA) profile and associated with meat quality should be determined in different muscles, since humans consume different parts of the carcass. A total of 40 goat kids of Damascus breed were used to determine the effect of rearing system, age and sex on the FA profile of Semimembranosus proprius (SP), Longissimus dorsii (LD) and Triceps brachii (TB). The goat kids were assigned into two groups balanced for body weight and sex. The first group (n=20), (10 male and 10 female goat kids) underwent natural rearing and received only maternal milk until weaning. The second group (n=20) (10 male and 10 female goat kids), was subject to artificial suckling with a commercial milk replacer. At weaning (49 days of age), 10 animals from each group were weighed and slaughtered. The remaining goat kids of both groups, after weaning were fed daily 100 g barley hay per animal and a commercial concentrate diet ad libitum up to 98 days of age, where they were also weighted and slaughtered. The results showed that the body weight and the growth rate were significantly higher in males than females goat kids when fed with maternal milk. Moreover, the growth rate was significantly higher in the naturally compared with the artificially goat kids. The muscles FA composition, especially the branched chain FA, saturated FA and n-3 FA, reflects that of the milk source (maternal or artificial). Significant differences were found among the three muscles (SP, LD and TB) of goat kids for several individual FAs. The concentrations of C18:0 and trans C18:1 FA increased significantly whereas n-3 FAs decrease in the fat of goat kids slaughtered at 98 compared 49 days of age, due to the shift from milk to a fodder diet. Sex did not affect the FA profile of goat kids. In conclusion, naturally reared goat kids is better slaughtered at younger age before a shift from milk to a fodder diet whereas a fodder diet compared with a milk replacer can improve muscle FA profile of goat kids.
Meat lipid profile of suckling goat kids from certified and noncertified production systems
2016, Small Ruminant Research
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All cabrito varieties in comparison displayed a vitamin E concentration above 4.0 μg/g of meat, being higher in certified cabrito varieties than in noncertified cabrito(6.1 versus 4.2 μg/g of meat), which seems to be in accordance with PUFA content. After birth, young ruminants, as goat kids, are in a pre-ruminant condition, when they are on an all-milk diet (Sanz Sampelayo et al., 1990). Throughout this initial period, there is no ruminal biohydrogenation of milk fatty acids before they are absorbed from the intestine (Sanudo et al., 1998) although dry feed intake, start gradually, and can be expected to be relevant in the last month before slaughter, where rumen biohydrogenation of dietary PUFA must be considered.
The objective of this work was to provide information regarding the intramuscular lipid composition of goat kid meat from three certificated varieties (Minho-PGI, Barroso-PGI Transmontano-PDO) and one noncertified cabrito obtained from an intensive dairy farm. The results disclose the distinctive lipid profile of each cabrito variety. Certified cabrito varieties displayed lower total lipid content (1.0 versus 1.9 g/100 g of meat), but higher contents of total cholesterol (61 versus 48 mg/100 g meat). SFA and MUFA represented prime fatty acid groups in all cabrito varieties, being responsible for 42.4 and 41.6% of total fatty acids. Certified cabrito varieties displayed twice the total PUFA content (23 versus 11% total fatty acids) and more than the triple content of n-3 PUFA (8 versus 2.5% total fatty acids) of noncertified variety. Certified cabrito varieties presented higher content of α-tocopherol. Significant differences between cabrito varieties were observed in total CLA content and all 10CLA isomers.
Effects of different milk replacers on carcass traits, meat quality, meat color and fatty acids profile of dairy goat kids
2015, Small Ruminant Research
Citation Excerpt :
Although many authors observed no differences in the past (Pena-Blanco et al., 1994; Sanz et al., 1987; Tejón et al., 1995), other authors found higher growth in naturally suckled kids (Arguello et al., 2004; Piasentier et al., 2000; Rodríguez et al., 1988 Piasentier et al., 2000; Rodríguez et al., 1988). They attributed those results to the influence of other factors, as the higher digestibility in goat milk that in milk replacer (Sanz et al., 1990) and the presence of a growth promoter in dams' milk that is absent in milk replacer (Baumrucker and Blum, 1993). Table 4 shows the mean values and standard errors of meat quality parameters of raw meat according to diet.
The aim of the work is to evaluate the effect of diet (goat milk, warm milk replacer or acidified milk replacer) on the growth, slaughtering performances, meat quality and fat composition of suckling kids of the Saanen breed. A total of 120 Saanen kids were used for the trial. They were born within 48 h from 60 goats that had the twin parturition. They were randomly divided into three treatment experimental group, each made up of 40 animals, of both sex, and housed in three different pens. One group was fed with natural milk by their dams, and kids remained with their mothers until 45 days of life. One group was fed with a milk replacer and one group was fed with an acid milk replacer. Live weight, hot and cold carcass weight, dressing percentage, chemical composition and fatty acids profile and meat colorimetric parameters were investigated. No effects were observed on live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage and carcass composition. Fatty acid profile was affected by feeding system. Kids fed with goat milk showed meat richer in some saturated fatty acids as C10:0, C17:0 (P < 0.05), C14:0, C16:0 (P < 0.01). Meat of kids fed with acid milk replacer showed lower concentration of total SFA (P < 0.01) and higher concentration of total MUFA, PUFA (P < 0.05) and UFA (P < 0.01). Moreover, meat color seems to be affected by warm milk replacer, in fact meat was characterized by lower lightness and higher yellowness and hue. Artificial suckling seems to improve the FA quality of kids meat, improving the PUFA quantity. In fact, the increased consumption of foods with low level of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), containing a low n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio correlates with favorable human health conditions. Moreover, artificial feeding could improve milk quantity destined to market in order to improve its profitability.
Mineral requirements for growth of Moxotó goats grazing in the semi-arid region of Brazil
2010, Small Ruminant Research
Indigenous goats play an important role in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil as a biological resource with great genetic variability and historical value. In addition, they are a source of animal protein of high biological value, available to people of low income. However, there is a lack of information about these animals, mainly regarding their nutritional requirements. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K for growth of 36 male Moxotó goat kids (15.69 ± 0.78 kg initial BW), grazing in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Four kids were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (baseline group, 15.37 ± 0.30 kg BW) and the remainder (n = 32) were allocated randomly to one of the four levels of concentrate supplementation (treatments groups: 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% BW), with eight kids per group. When the animals in the 1.5% BW treatment group reached 25 kg BW, the animals in the other treatment groups were also slaughtered. The individual whole empty body was weighed, ground, mixed and sampled for chemical analyses. The body composition (g/kg empty body weight; EBW) ranged from 10.80 to 11.50 g Ca; 7.86 to 8.74 g P; 0.37 to 0.42 g Mg; 1.57 to 1.61 g Na and 1.58 to 1.74 g K, for Moxotó kids at 15 and 25 kg BW. The net mineral requirements (g/kg empty weight gain; EWG) were determined by comparative slaughter technique which ranged from 9.53 to 10.65 g Ca; 7.41 to 8.65 g P; 0.36 to 0.43 g Mg; 1.31 to 1.41 g Na and 1.47 to 1.70 g K for animals with BW ranging from 15 to 25 kg. In conclusion, our study indicated that indigenous goats grazing in the semi-arid region of Brazil have different mineral requirements from those values recommended by international committees for dairy and meat goats.

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Utilization of goat milk vs. milk replacer for granadina goat kids

Abstract

Resumen

Livest. Prod. Sci.

J. Dairy Sci.

Neonatal diarrhoea in calves given milk substitutes differing in fat source and fed by different procedures

Br. J. Nutr.

Young goat nutrition. Artificial rearing

Utilization of carbohydrates by the young calf

Nature, Lond.

Indices for lamb carcass composition

J. Anim. Sci.

Abomasum emptying in dairy calves fed milk replacers with varying fat and protein sources

J. Dairy Sci.

Digestive enzyme activities in the young calf

J. Dairy Sci.

Experimental Surgery

Feeding of young goats

Physiology of the ruminant stomach. Pre-ruminant nutrition

Milk products