Laboratory exposure systems to simulate atmospheric degradation of building stone under dry and wet deposition conditions
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Cited by (67)
Durability tests on lime-based mortars from the historic built heritage of Catania (Eastern Sicily, Italy): An experimental study
2023, Journal of Building EngineeringThe influence of the SO<inf>2</inf> ageing on the graffiti cleaning effectiveness with chemical procedures on a granite substrate
2018, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :The established RH value was used to simulate a frequently occurring outdoor condition in the NW Iberian peninsula whose climate is temperate humid, where stones are, frequently, coated with a thin film of condensed moisture (Tambe et al., 1991). It has been pointed out that a high RH accelerates sulphate attack by SO2 deposition (Johnson et al., 1990; Simão et al., 2006). The current experiments were performed at accelerating testing conditions by using gas concentration considerably above realistic emission values.
Damage monitoring on carbonate stones: Field exposure tests contributing to pollution impact evaluation in two Italian sites
2017, Construction and Building MaterialsCitation Excerpt :The main limitation of this approach is the impossibility of reproducing real environmental conditions, as only extreme and unrealistic situations are created in order to reproduce damage in a relatively short time, considering very few variables that take part in the real scenario. However, it appears to work efficiently in giving outputs for describing in detail the chemical process at the basis of the effect of a specific parameter [14–16]. Field exposure tests in order to have a more realistic picture of the ongoing deterioration phenomena on different building materials exposed to a specific environmental context or on the same material in diverse climate conditions [17–27].
Rising damp removal from historical masonries: A still open challenge
2014, Construction and Building MaterialsCitation Excerpt :Degradation of ancient building materials Damp building materials may be exposed to freeze–thaw cycles [10], migration and crystallisation of soluble salts (with efflorescence and/or subflorescence formation) [11], chemical attack in polluted environment [12,13], biological decay [14], wind erosion and alveoilzation [15], clay swelling [16], washout of soluble fractions, corrosion of metallic elements, detachment of paints/tiles/mosaic, etc., with great damage for their integrity. Unsuitable indoor thermal–hygrometric conditions
Artificial weathering of stone by heating
2013, Journal of Cultural HeritageCitation Excerpt :Extensive experimental studies on artificial weathering of stone have been performed with the aim of reproducing and accelerating environmental weathering processes occurring in the field, i.e. dissolution in clean and acid rain and formation and dissolution of soluble salts, owing to pollutant dry deposition (see review in [7]). These studies, performed on different types of stone (mainly carbonate stones), involved a wide range of environmental conditions, in terms of temperature, relative humidity, presence of atmospheric gaseous pollutants (such as SO2, NOx, O3) and particulate matter, as well as presence of acidic solutions (such as H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3, HCl) (see, among others, [8–16]). However, those experimental investigations generally aimed at evaluating the rate of stone surface recession (determined by measuring stone weight loss and/or the amount of Ca2+ ions dissolved from the stone).
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