Green Composites

Green Composites (Second Edition)

Natural and waste based composites for a sustainable future
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering
2017, Pages 19-38
Green Composites

3 - Cellulose fiber/nanofiber from natural sources including waste-based sources

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100783-9.00010-1Get rights and content

Abstract

Paradigm shift from using energy consuming materials to using sustainable materials has brought increasing importance of biomass utilization. Cellulose fiber and nanofiber from natural sources are nowadays regarded as key green materials. Fundamental aspects such as the microstructure and properties (including intrinsic performance) of plant fibers/nanofibers are described. Then, production (grinder, microfluidizer, chemical oxidation using (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO)), structure, and properties of nanofiber from plants including waste based sources (corn, rice, pineapple, sorghum, eucalyptus, cassava potato, apple, bamboo, tea, and coffee waste) are discussed. It was found that Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break increased drastically by decreasing the fiber diameter down to nanosize. Especially, Young’s modulus increased twice, while work-to-fracture increased 13 times for the nanopaper compared with those of macropaper. Finally, cellulosic nanofiber incorporated nanocomposites are discussed. In all-cellulose composites/nanocomposites, strong cellulose reinforcements (e.g., cellulose macro/nanofibers) were favorably combined with a cellulose matrix. These composites possess excellent transparency, mechanical, and thermal properties, which are superior to traditional natural fiber reinforced plastics. Their promising properties make all-cellulose composites and nanocomposites high performance multifunctional materials.

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