SECONDARY BATTERIES – LITHIUM RECHARGEABLE SYSTEMS – LITHIUM-ION | Negative Electrodes: Graphite

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452745-5.00189-1Get rights and content

Graphite has been used as a negative electrode in most of the commercially available rechargeable lithium-ion cells. Lithium ions are intercalated within graphite on charging and deintercalated on discharging at extremely negative potentials of about –3 V against the standard hydrogen electrode. Many of the advantages of lithium-ion cells, such as high voltage and high energy density, are realized not by positive electrode, but by graphite negative electrode. The electrochemical intercalation reactions at graphite negative electrode consist of various processes such as surface reactions, interfacial charge transfer reactions, and lithium diffusion inside the host. Each of the elementary processes plays a vital role and greatly affects the charge and discharge characteristics of graphite negative electrodes. In this article, fundamental aspects of graphite negative electrodes are reviewed, focusing on (1) charge and discharge characteristics of graphite and other carbonaceous materials, (2) solvent decomposition and surface film formation, and (3) diffusion of lithium ions in graphite.

References (0)

Cited by (10)

  • Fe based catalysts for petroleum coke graphitization for Lithium Ion battery application

    2021, Materials Letters
    Citation Excerpt :

    Petroleum coke is one kind of soft carbon, which is widely proven can be converted to graphitic carbon and can be applied as anode in LIB. Unlike hard carbon, heat treatment of soft carbon can restructure the carbon structure into graphitic structure [4]. High temperature treatment to synthesize graphitic carbon material required high energy consumption, leading to the costly synthesis process.

  • Nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage

    2021, Frontiers of Nanoscience
    Citation Excerpt :

    Nanotechnology has offered a variety of opportunities in materials science and engineering to create new carbon nanomaterials [58], meeting challenges in the research and development of new energy technologies [59,60]. Graphite is a common form of carbon with strong covalent bonding in the carbon plane and much weaker van der Waals interactions in the transverse direction between the layers [61]. In the 1980s, carbonaceous materials were initially investigated and considered as promising candidates for the negative electrode materials of LIBs.

  • Calendar and cycle aging study of a commercial LiMn<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> cell under consideration of influences by cell progress

    2020, Journal of Energy Storage
    Citation Excerpt :

    In general, the graphite electrode shows five stages of Li-intercalation [23,37,38]. Transitions between these stages can be observed by plateaus in the voltage characteristic as described in [39–41]. Li-ions are intercalated into the graphite structure starting from a fully discharged cell (stage 1L).

  • Overview of batteries for future automobiles

    2017, Lead-Acid Batteries for Future Automobiles
  • Lithium Battery Energy Storage: State of the Art Including Lithium-Air and Lithium-Sulfur Systems

    2015, Electrochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Sources and Grid Balancing
  • Comparison of commercial battery cells in relation to material properties

    2013, Electrochimica Acta
    Citation Excerpt :

    This is probably due to a potential increase in the anode material. The potential of graphite is typically between 50 and 200 mV vs. Li+/Li depending on the specific charge capacity [34]. The cell potential drop of around 100 mV between the inflection points for the 0.33 C, 1 C and 2 C curves are in line with this.

View all citing articles on Scopus
View full text