Molecular and quantitative aspects of the chemistry of fulvic acid and its interactions with metal ions and organic chemicals : Part I. The electron spin resonance approach

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Abstract

A review is presented of the application of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to the study of the chemistry of fulvic acid and its interactions with paramagnetic metal ions. After a short introduction on the nature and role of fulvic acids in the global environment, basic theory, instrumentation, procedures, methodology and limitations of ESR spectroscopy are summarized. This is followed by a discussion of the direct information that ESR data can provide on the status of organic free radical and paramagnetic metal species in fulvic acid. The effects of physical and chemical factors, including pH, ionic strength and state of aggregation, hydrolysis and alkylation, redox conditions and irradiation, on free radicals in fulvic acids are considered, also in relation to structural and reactive implications. Molecular and quantitative information furnished by ESR on both naturally occurring and laboratory-prepared paramagnetic metal ion-fulvic acid complexes are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the potential, sensitivity and advantages of this non-separative, non-destructive technique for the study of environmental samples such as fulvic acids.

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