Recent trends in high-energy materials

doi:10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00015-4

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volume 24, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-30

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00015-4 Get rights and content

Abstract

A number of new high-energy materials have been reported in the literature in recent years. This review paper examines them under several headings (“thermally stable” or “heat-resistant”, “high-performance”, melt-castable, insensitive, energetic binders, and energetic materials synthesized using N₂O₅) and critically examines them from the point of view of stability, reliability, safety and specific application. Problems associated with their processing are identified and suggestions are made to overcome them.

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There are 4 general approaches for imparting or improving thermal stability of explosives ‘Salt Formation’, ‘Introduction of Amino Group/s’, ‘Introduction of Conjugation’ & ‘Condensation with Triazole Ring/s’ as proposed by Agrawal which were supported by some typical examples. We have recently reported a large number of explosives which validate ‘Salt Formation’ & ‘Introduction of Amino Group/s’ approaches. In this review paper, we report additional examples of explosives scattered over in the literature to validate the ‘Introduction of Conjugation’ & ‘Condensation with Triazole Ring/s’ approaches for imparting/improving thermal stability of explosives. Wherever, data on thermal stability is not available in the literature, the same has been calculated using Energetic Materials Designing Bench (EMDB), Version 1.0. The data generated on a large number of explosives clearly brings out validation of ‘Introduction of Conjugation’ & ‘Condensation with Triazole Ring/s’ approaches for imparting/improving thermal stability of explosives. Further, as the number of triazole ring/s increases, thermal stability also increases. In addition, density, impact sensitivity & velocity of detonation data of promising explosives which are also essential from their application point of view, have been reported. This study also reveals that explosives (i) DAHNS (Explosive 3), PATO (Explosive 15), BTATNB (Explosive 17), TTTATNB (Explosive 19), DANTNP (Explosive 31) and TTATNB (Explosive 35) appear to be better substitutes of HNS and (ii) BDATTz (Explosive 36) and BTDAONAB (Explosive 39) appear to be better substitutes of TATB, a benchmark thermally stable explosive at present.
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Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we evaluate the thermal conductivities of LiBeP in both the ferroelectric (FE) and anti-ferroelectric (AFE) phases by using the self-consistent phonon method (SCP) combined with the compressive sensing (CS) approach. It is observed that the thermal conductivities can be tailored by more than 50% at room temperature upon the FE-AFE phase transitions. Detailed analysis on the phonon modes and scattering space reveals that there are substantial anharmonic effects in LiBeP. The significant change of the thermal conductivity makes it a promising candidate for thermal management materials with tunable thermal conductivities by electric fields. Our work provides a proof-of-concept example for electric-field controllable thermal management, which is promising for future applications.
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^†: On leave from the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune, India.

View full text

Recent trends in high-energy materials

Abstract

J. Energ. Mater.

J. Org. Chem.

The Science of High Explosives

Explosives, Propellants and Pyrotechnics

Chemistry in the technology of explosives and propellants

Chemistry in Britain

Heat-resistant explosives

J. Sci. Ind. Res.

Development and present situation of heat resistant explosives

Kogyo Kayaku

Explosive compound undergoes testing

Chem. and Engng News

The preparation of hexanitrobibenzyl from TNT with sodium hypochlorite

Propell. Explos.

Explosive desensitisation studies via chemical group modification of nitroso-derivatives of RDX and 3-amino-TNT

Propell. Explos. Pyrotech.

Explosive desensitization studies via chemical group modification. II: 3,5-diamino- and 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

J. Energ. Mater.

Aminotetryl: synthesis, spectral characterisation, thermal decomposition and explosive properties

Propell. Explos. Pyrotech.

Small scale gap test data compilation

Report No. NOLTR 73-132

LASL Explosive Property Data

LASL Explosive Property Data

Explosives

The thermoanalytical study of some amino derivatives of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Thermochim. Acta

Synthesis and properties of some trisubstituted trinitrobenzenes: TATB analogues

J. Energ. Mater.

Granular explosive molding powder

Chem. Abstr.

Granulated crystalline plastic-bonded explosives

Chem. Abstr.

The identification of bonding agents for TATB/HTPB polymer bonded explosives

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.

Detonation properties of the insensitive explosive TATB

Chem. Abstr.

Detonation properties of the insensitive explosive TATB

Chem. Abstr.

Growth of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), 1: Anisotropic thermal expansion

Propell. Explos.

The relationship of thermal stability with structure of some trinitrophenyl explosives

Explosivstoffe

Research on condensation reaction in synthesis in potassium 3,3′-diamino-2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitro diphenyl amide

Chem. Abstr.

Picrylamino substituted heterocycles. III: 1,2,4-triazoles

J. Heterocycl. Chem.

3-picrylamino-1,2,4-triazole

Chem. Asbtr.

Modified preparation and nitration of 3-picrylamino-1,2,4-triazole

Reactions of substituted polynitrotoluenes. 1: Synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene

J. Org. Chem.

Reactions of substituted polynitrotoluenes. II: The generation and reactions of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzyl anion

J. Org. Chem.

Studies on the synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene

Propell. Explos.

Application of temperature resistant explosives to NASA missions

Hexanitrotetrachloroazobenzene explosive and method of preparation

Chem. Abstr.

Measurement of shock initiation threshold of HNAB by flyer plate impact

Propell. Explos. Pyrotech.

Synthesis of 3,3′-bis(2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene)

Propell. Explos. Pyrotech.

Synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitro-3-methylnitro aminostilbene

Chem. Abstr.

Picrylamino-substituted heterocycles. I: 2,4,6-tris(picrylamino)-s-triazine and related compounds

J. Heterocycl. Chem.

Picrylamino-substituted heterocycles. V: Pyridines

J. Heterocycl. Chem.

Picrylamino-substituted heterocycles. VI: Pyrimidines

J. Heterocycl. Chem.

Los Alamos National Laboratory Report No. LA-5829-MS

Explosive 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-tripicryl benzene

Chem. Abstr.

Explosive 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-tripicryl benzene

Chem. Abstr.

Dibenzotetraazacyclooctatetraene and derivatives

Chem. Abstr.