Multiphase CO2 flow, transport and sequestration in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA
Introduction
Anthropogenic greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, are considered a major contributor to global warming. Sequestration of power plant generated CO2 by injection into groundwater aquifers and (petroleum and gas) reservoirs has been proposed as a possible alternative for the reduction of excessive greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Ideally, injected CO2 will migrate through an aquifer from injection wells to remote storage sites, and remain isolated from the atmosphere for a considerable period of time.
CO2 has been used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) purposes since the 1950s. Research concerning terrestrial sequestration of CO2 for environmental purposes began only during the last 10 years or so.
Engineering and economics require CO2 storage sites as close as possible to sources such as fossil-fuel power plants. Subsurface groundwater aquifers are suggested, and this idea may be refined to groundwater aquifer systems and petroleum reservoir aquifers such as those found in sedimentary basins. These aquifer systems are large in size, possibly permitting storage of large quantities of CO2.
In a sedimentary basin, the capability of an aquifer to transmit and store CO2 is controlled by the fundamental geology: depositional environment, structure, stratigraphy, and pressure/temperature conditions. We investigated processes of CO2 sequestration in specific aquifers in a typical intracontinental sedimentary basin, the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, USA, using conceptual and numerical modeling.
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Fundamental processes: aspects of transport
CO2 may be transported through aquifers in three different forms: (1) in solution in groundwater, (2) as a separate gas phase, and (3) as a separate supercritical phase, which exhibits properties of both gases and liquids. CO2 in solution may coexist with either gaseous or supercritical CO2, which occur as separate phases that depend on pressure and temperature conditions. The three different forms of CO2 respond to pressure and temperature in different ways. CO2 in solution behaves much like
Fundamental processes: aspects of storage
When CO2 moves into the intended storage area or reservoir, the same transport processes discussed above are applicable. As CO2 migrates through an aquifer, whether in the intended storage area or in the flowpath to that area, various trapping mechanisms may occur, as summarized below.
Petroleum migration research provides the best body of literature to describe trapping mechanisms—most principles that apply to petroleum migration and accumulation are directly applicable to CO2 trapping. In this
Study area: Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA
In general, intracontinental basins possess a range of clastic to carbonate type aquifers. Clastic aquifers consist of sandstones and siltstones, typically interlayered with shales or mudstones. Such aquifers are found in most sedimentary basins, albeit some are better examples than others. For instance, dolomitic aquifers are found in the Uinta, Williston and Permian basins, while a range of clastic to limestone aquifers are found in the San Juan Basin, among many others. The Powder River
Numerical modeling analyses
We used numerical modeling analyses to evaluate flow, transport and storage of groundwater and CO2 in candidate aquifers of the Powder River Basin. Our primary goal was to characterize which types of aquifers and depositional environments are promising CO2 transport and storage sites.
Numerical modeling of basin scale groundwater flow and transport processes involves solving the appropriate mass and energy conservation equations (Bredehoeft and Norton, 1990, Garven, 1995, McPherson and Garven,
CO2 flow and transport: equation-of-state
Hydrologic properties such as fluid density and viscosity are often assumed to be constant in space and through time. For many applications, this is perfectly acceptable and appropriate. However, CO2 is subject to extreme and highly nonlinear changes in these properties as pressures and temperatures change. Weir et al. (1996) developed an extended Redlich-Kwong equation based on the work of Kerrick and Jacobs (1981) to describe the transport and thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures as a
Groundwater flow, heat flow and permeability in the Powder River Basin
McPherson and Chapman (1996) studied the thermal regime of the Powder River Basin, analyzing temperature and geologic data from over 3000 oil and gas wells within a 180×30 km transect; the cross-section shown in Fig. 1 cuts the center of that transect. McPherson and Chapman (1996) discussed anomalously high heat flow (>200 mW m−2) over the Salt Creek anticline on the southwestern side of the transect (Fig. 1), but did not provide a conclusive explanation.
The anomalous thermal regime observed in
CO2 transport and residence time: model simulation results
In our numerical model simulations of the Powder River Basin, we injected separate phase CO2 into the Fox Hills Sandstone, an Upper Cretaceous formation, at ∼1800 m depth (location∼solid circle on Fig. 1). The unit above the Fox Hills is the Lance Formation, a Paleocene sandy shale unit. Groundwater flow in this area of the Fox Hills formation is relatively slow, inasmuch as the hydraulic head gradient is weak. Migration of separate phase CO2 is towards the area of lowest surface elevation
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