Crop management factors influencing yield and quality of crop residues
Introduction
Over two-thirds of world’s 1.3 billion impoverished people live in rural areas and rely on agriculture for a significant part of their livelihoods. Livestock are important assets of this group and play a critical role in both sustainability and intensification of agricultural productivity in most farming systems. Increasing human population and changes in dietary habits associated with urbanisation and higher incomes are causing increased demands for food of animal origin.
Delgado et al. (1999) estimated that between 1993 and 2020, the demand for livestock products will double and meat and milk production in developing countries will grow at annual rates of 2.7 and 3.2%, respectively. The inability of producers to feed animals adequately throughout the year remains the major technical constraint in meeting future demands for meat and milk. Improving the feed supply, both in yield and quality, is an effective means to build assets and increase livestock productivity. The purpose of this paper is to assess briefly the role of crop residues among feed resources and to summarise the crop management factors that affect the yield and quality of crop residues.
Section snippets
Importance of crop residues among feed resources
Pastures (herbaceous plants, fodder trees/shrubs), crop residues, cultivated forages, concentrate feeds (agro-industrial by-products, grains, feed supplements, etc.) and household wastes are the main resources used as livestock feed. Availability of grazing land is decreasing due to expansion of cropping to meet the demands for food, urbanisation and land use for other activities such as industries.
The adoption of introduced forages in tropical developing countries has been limited due to lack
Role and influence of crop management factors on the yield and quality of crop residues
The yield and quality characteristics of residues are determined by the genetic makeup of the crop, growing conditions and harvesting, threshing and storage methods. For improvement in residue quality, efforts will have to be made to increase the soluble nutrient content (cell content) and the digestibility of the cell wall fraction. Studies during crop development indicate different rates of change in chemical composition and digestibility due to conditions of growth, which ultimately affect
Summary and conclusions
This review discussed the importance of crop residues as livestock feed and the influence of crop management factors on the yield and quality of crop residues and the genetic factors governing them. Management factors such as planting method, seeding rate, population density, sowing time, fertilizer, irrigation, weed control, intercropping and abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity were discussed in detail. Sowing by drilling coupled with optimum seed rate recommendations gave higher
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