Computer-aided diagnosis in radiology: potential and pitfalls
Introduction
Over the last decade or so, many investigators have carried out basic studies and clinical applications toward the development of modern computerized schemes for detection and characterization of lesions in radiologic images, based on computer vision and artificial intelligence. These methods and techniques are generally called computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) schemes. The development of CAD has now reached a new phase, since the first commercial unit for detection of breast lesions in mammograms by R2 Technology, Inc., Los Altos, CA, was approved in June, 1998, by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for marketing and sale for clinical use in the United States. It is likely that this will expedite clinical applications of the CAD schemes and also further the development of various CAD schemes in different diagnostic examinations. Our purpose in this article is to provide a brief overview of some of the current CAD schemes developed at the University of Chicago for chest radiography and mammography, and to discuss some issues related to the future potential and pitfalls of CAD.
Section snippets
Basic concept of computer-aided diagnosis
CAD may be defined as a diagnosis made by a physician who takes into account the results of the computer output as a ‘second opinion’ [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. In radiology, the computer output is derived from quantitative analysis of diagnostic images. It is important to note that the computer is used only as a tool to provide additional information to clinicians, who will make the final decision as to the diagnosis of a patient. Therefore, the basic concept of CAD is clearly different
Computer-aided diagnosis in chest radiography
It is a difficult task for radiologists to detect some lung lesions, such as nodules. It is well documented that radiologists may miss up to 30% of lung nodules in chest radiographs, because of the camouflaging effect of the normal anatomic background. It is expected, therefore, that the computer prompt by indicating potential sites of nodules would improve their detection accuracy. The computerized scheme for detection of nodules [15], [17] is shown in Fig. 1. The digital or digitized chest
Computer-aided diagnosis in mammography
Mammography is considered the most reliable method for early detection of breast cancers at present. However, it is difficult for radiologists to detect breast lesions such as clustered microcalcifications and masses on mammograms. It is well known that radiologists may miss 15–30% of these lesions. Therefore, the computer output indicating the potential sites of lesions may be useful to assist radiologists’ interpretation of mammograms, especially in mass screening, due to the fact that the
Discussion and conclusion
We believe that there is a strong evidence of the potential benefit of CAD in the detection and characterization of some lesions in chest radiography and mammography. However, it is important to be cautious about potential pitfalls associated with the use of the computer output. Advances in science and technology can bring many benefits, but also can be harmful if not used properly. Potential pitfalls of CAD can occur for all four of the possible outcomes, namely, false positives and false
Acknowledgements
Authors are grateful to numerous current and former members in the Rossmann Lab for their contribution to the development of CAD schemes, and also Mrs E. Lanzl for improving the manuscript. This work was supported by the NIH (USPHS Grants CA 60187, CA 64370, CA 62625, AR 42739, HL 52567, T32 CA 09649, RR 11459), US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD 17-94-J-4071, DAMD 17-96-1-6058, DAMD 17-96-1-6228, DAMD 17-96-1-6229, DAMD 17-97-1-7202), the American Cancer Society (FRA-390), and
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