Sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of amoxycillin, ciprofloxacin and piroxicam in pure and pharmaceutical formulations
Introduction
Amoxycillin (AMX), chemically known as [6R-6-(α-p-hydroxyphenyl-d-glycylamino) penicillanic acid] trihydrate, is the only phenolic penicillin used as an antibacterial drug. Ciprofloxacin (CPF), 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-dihydro-1,4-oxo-7-piperazine-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, is an antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of activity against a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Piroxicam (PIR), 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. AMX [1], [2], [3] and CPF [4] are official in BP and USP while PIR is official in USP [5]. The official methods involve potentiometric titration [1] using mercuric nitrate as titrant in acetate buffer and HPLC methods [2], [3] for the assay of AMX while those for CPF and PIR involve HPLC methods using phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (87:13), and phosphate buffer and methanol (55:45) as mobile phases, respectively.
Many spectrophotometric methods [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34] have been reported for the determination of AMX [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], CPF [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27] and PIR [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34]. But none of these methods are satisfactory for routine quality assurance for one or the other reason. Some of these methods have low sensitivity [6], [8], [9], [10], [11], [13], [16], [17], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [26], [27], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34] or work out only at higher concentrations of the drugs [6], [10], [11], [12], [18], [19], [26], [27], [29], [31], [32] or have less stability [13], [14], [17], [21], [22], [26], [32], [34] or involve extraction [9], [15], [24], [25], [28], [29]. Hence it was felt necessary to develop simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods which do not suffer from the above limitations for the determination of AMX, CPF and PIR in bulk samples and pharmaceutical preparations using reagents such as Fe(III)-1,10-phenanthroline (FPL) and Fe(III)-2,2′-bipyridyl (FBL). The proposed methods are more advantageous compared to official methods, which are laborious.
Section snippets
Reagents
All chemicals used were of either analytical or pharmaceutical grade and quartz processed high-purity water was used throughout. Pure AMX was obtained from Cadila Healthcare Ltd., India and CPF and PIR were obtained from Cipla Ltd., India.
Various pharmaceutical formulations of AMX, CPF and PIR were obtained commercially. These formulations contain only one drug and do not exist in combination with other drugs.
Solutions
Aqueous solutions of standard AMX, CPF and PIR (1000 μg ml−1) were prepared and stored
Results and discussion
Ferric salts play a prominent role in the spectrophotometric determination of many pharmaceutical drugs. Acting as an oxidant, a ferric salt gets reduced to ferrous salt and this amount corresponds to drug concentration. The amount of Fe(II) can be determined using reagents such as 1,10-phenanthroline (PNL) and 2,2′-bipyridyl (BPL). These properties have been utilised to develop spectrophotometric methods for the determination of AMX, CPF and PIR.
Conclusion
The reagents provide fairly high sensitivity compared with most of the reagents reported earlier for the assay of AMX, CPF and PIR. The proposed methods are simple, accurate and economical with reasonable precision and accuracy. The FPL method was found to be more sensitive compared to FBL method for the assay of AMX, CPF and PIR. The coloured complexes are stable for more than 24 h, which makes the methods more practicable. The validity of the proposed methods is well demonstrated by analysing
Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere thanks to Cadila Healthcare Ltd., India and Cipla Ltd., India for supplying gift samples of amoxycillin, ciprofloxacin and piroxicam. Thanks are also due to the Chairman, Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad for providing necessary facilities.
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