Measurement of oxide properties for numerical evaluation of their failure under hot rolling conditions
Introduction
Studies of the oxide scale on a metal surface during deformation at elevated temperatures have mostly been motivated by a desire to understand better the micro events at the tool–workpiece interface that could influence heat transfer and friction during hot rolling. Between successive rolling passes a secondary scale is inevitably formed, which is further removed by high pressure water jets before the subsequent passes during reversing rolling or before the strip enters the tandem finishing mill. It is important to know whether the complex state of stresses at the roll gap results in oxide failure. This is because the thermal conductivity of oxide scale is significantly less than that of the steel [1]; because fractured scale can enable direct contact of hot metal with the cold tool [2]; because sliding of oxide raft is possible due to weakness of the scale/metal interface at high temperature [3]; and also because the location of the plane of sliding is determined by the cohesive strength at the different interfaces within the metal/inhomogeneous oxide and by the stress distribution when delamination within the scale takes place [4]. The phenomena will produce sharp changes in heat transfer and friction in the roll gap.
Irregularly removed scale defects are often formed on hot rolled steel strips, causing an inhomogeneous or dirty appearance as a result. In spite of measures having been undertaken, the reason why a conventional descaler cannot always remove the scale before rolling is not clear always. As has been shown elsewhere [5], the crack patterns formed in scale during hot rolling to a great extent depend on the process parameters such as temperature, scale thickness and reduction. Oxide scale on carbon steels just after the hot rolling pass when its temperature is still high cannot be assumed to be a continuous layer perfectly adhering to the metal surface and to be fully brittle. Understanding the scale removal mechanism is important for optimisation of industrial descaling conditions. However, investigation of the descaling process is far from easy, even under laboratory conditions. Additionally, the chemical content of the steel can significantly influence the state of the scale after the deformation [6]. There are various theories that have been proposed to account for the effect of alloying elements, including enhanced scale plasticity, oxide growth process and chemical bonding at the interface [7], [8], [9], [10]. No one theory can satisfactorily explain all the reported experimental observations. In this work a method based on combination of hot tensile measurements and finite element (FE) modelling is discussed. A method for direct measurement of oxide properties is critical for quantitative characterisation of oxide scale failure in metal forming.
Section snippets
Experimental
The aim of the hot tensile tests is twofold: determination of the temperature ranges for modes of oxide scale failure and evaluation of separation loads for scale failure in tension. Round tensile specimens for determination of failure modes have gauge section (Fig. 1(a)) and are ground to a 1000 grit surface finish with SiC paper. Each specimen has a hole from one end for a thermocouple allowing temperature measurement during the tests. Specimens for evaluation of separation loads
Mathematical model
The mathematical model for oxide scale, based on application of the FE method, has been proposed for analysis of oxide scale failure in hot rolling and descaling operations [5], [11] and is used here coupled with the hot tensile testing to determine the critical parameters for characterising of scale failure. In this work, the macro-parts of the FE model that compute the temperature, strain, strain rate and stress in the tensile specimen during testing are adjusted according to the
Results and discussion
Fig. 6 shows the final states of the scale after testing. The first mode corresponds to the strong interface between the oxide scale and metal relative to the oxide scale and failure occurs by through-thickness cracking. In this case, the separation force within the oxide scale is registered. The second mode relates to the interface being weaker than the oxide scale, which results in sliding of the oxide scale raft along the oxide/metal interface. The tangential separation force at the
Conclusions
The objective of this paper to pinpoint the necessity of application of different techniques, namely, a combination of hot tensile measurements and FE modelling for determination of oxide scale properties. These properties seems to be crucial for numerical characterisation of oxide scale failure in metal forming. In a case study, the reasons why making the measurement is particularly difficult are demonstrated. This is mainly because the separation loads are relatively small, and oxide scale
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK, for grant GR/L50198, which supported this work. Thanks are also due to Mr. J.V. Goodliffe for assistance in the course of this work.
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