Aquatic hyphomycetes and other fungi in living aquatic and terrestrial roots of Alnus glutinosa

doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80066-X

Mycological Research

Volume 95, Issue 5, May 1991, Pages 543-547

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80066-X Get rights and content

Sixty-six fungal endophytes, mainly Deuteromycotina, were isolated from the aquatic and terrestrial root systems of Alnus glutinosa. Twelve are mostly known from aquatic habitats; among them, Heliscus lugdunensis was isolated from ca 50% of all bark and xylem pieces examined. The mean colonization frequency by aquatic species in immersed roots was as high as 30% as opposed to 12% in soil roots and the total number of species found was also larger in aquatic roots. Results of cluster and correspondence analysis indicated that the aquatic and soil root samples are characterized by two different endophyte populations. The significance of water-submerged roots as substrata for aquatic hyphomycetes is discussed.

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Metal trace elements accumulate in soils mainly because of anthropic activities, leading living organisms to develop strategies to handle metal toxicity. Plants often associate with root endophytic fungi, including nonmycorrhizal fungi, and some of these organisms are associated with metal tolerance. The lack of synthetic analyses of plant-endophyte-metal tripartite systems and the scant consideration for taxonomy led to this review aiming (1) to inventory non-mycorrhizal root fungal endophytes described with respect to their taxonomic diversity and (2) to determine the mutualistic roles of these plant-fungus associations under metal stress. More than 1500 species in 100 orders (mainly Hypocreales and Pleosporales) were reported from a wide variety of environments and hosts. Most reported endophytes had a positive effect on their host under metal stress, but with various effects on metal uptake or translocation and no clear taxonomic consistency. Future research considering the functional patterns and dynamics of these associations is thus encouraged.
Neanderthal plant use and stone tool function investigated through non-pollen palynomorphs analyses and pollen washes in the Abri du Maras, South-East France
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In this sense, van Geel et al., (1989) and Sánchez Márquez et al. (2010) recorded many Chaetomium-type spores in samples from an initial sedge fen and leaves of Holcus lanatus, a grass that grows in humid soils in temperate zones. Moreover, Chaetomium-type seems to prefer decomposing aerial plant components and does not colonize roots of aquatic plant species (Fisher et al., 1991; Sánchez Márquez et al., 2010). This makes very unlikely that the observed Chaetomium-type is due to post-depositional developments from roots infiltrations.
This pioneering research performed at the Abri du Maras (Ardèche, South-East France) explores the potential of non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP) to provide new insights into the relationships between Neanderthals and plant resources. Remains of endophytic fungi found during the analysis are key indicators of the local presence of plants, which could have potentially been used by Neanderthal groups. The recording of high concentrations of Chaetomium-type (HdV-7A) in archaeological contexts from localized areas within the shelter suggests the local presence of decayed plants near an in situ fireplace. This could point to the use of grasses or other types of plants from aquatic or marshy areas such as reed and rushes for a surface preparation (bedding?) near the fireplace. Our research has also applied for the first time a combined study of archaeological sediments and pollen washes of artefacts following a microspatial approach in the study of Middle Palaeolithic archaeological contexts. One artefact (1079), identified as a sidescrapper, provided positive results, with the recording of high concentrations of Diporotheca webbiae-type (HdV-143). We could identify the host plant of the fungal signature documented on the tool surface as alder roots by comparing archaeobotanical results with NPP analyses in modern surface samples. Following this, we have proposed the use of this Middle Palaeolithic sidescrapper for processing this plant by Neanderthal groups. Marsh and riparian ecosystems were thus attractive for Neanderthals occupying the Abri du Maras. This study clearly shows that NPP must be considered as key taphonomical, environmental and cultural indicators in archaeobotanical analyses. It also underlines the contribution of combined studies of archaeological sediments and pollen washes of artefacts following a microspatial approach to a better understanding of Middle Palaeolithic lithic tools and plant use relationships.
Diverse fungal communities associated with the roots of isoetid plants are structured by host plant identity
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Our study assessing the diversity of fungi associated with isoetid roots provided evidence that submerged plants might harbor communities of root mycobionts similarly diverse as those of terrestrial plants. Among the existing studies dealing with freshwater fungi associated with submerged roots, most attention has been devoted to specific groups, such as aquatic hyphomycetes (e.g., Fisher et al., 1991; Iqbal et al., 1995; Bärlocher, 2006) and AMF (e.g., Beck-Nielsen and Madsen, 2001; Baar et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Moora et al., 2016), and their co-occurrence with DSE (Kai and Zhao, 2006; Šraj-Kržič et al., 2006; de Marins et al., 2009). To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have focused on the overall diversity of root-associated fungi (Kohout et al., 2012; Sandberg et al., 2014).
We examined fungi associated with roots of isoetid plants collected from six Norwegian lakes. The composition of the diverse fungal communities was shaped mainly by host identity, while abiotic factors had negligible effects. The communities associated with roots of Subularia aquatica, Isoëtes echinospora and Isoëtes lacustris were dominated by Ascomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Basidiomycota while Glomeromycota were infrequent and the proportion of unidentified fungal taxa was relatively high. In contrast, Lobelia dortmanna and Littorella uniflora roots associated mainly with Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Chytridiomycota and unidentified fungi were rare. Glomeromycota comprised 39 phylotypes spanning nine families, with the second most abundant phylotype belonging to a yet undescribed sister lineage to the family Archaeosporaceae, repeatedly reported from aquatic environments. Our results indicate that fungal communities in roots of aquatic plants might be diverse as in terrestrial plants, and that they comprise a high proportion of yet undescribed taxa.
Dark septate endophytic fungi of native plants along an altitudinal gradient in the Brazilian Atlantic forest
2016, Fungal Ecology
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Species of these genera are frequently found in grass roots (Sieber et al., 1988; White and Backhouse, 2007; Herrera et al., 2010; Sanchez-Marquez et al., 2010). In addition, Cladosporium species have been found in Alnus glutinosa (Fisher et al., 1991), and the alpine plant Saussurea involucrata (Lv et al., 2010). Alternaria species have been detected in orchids (Tao et al., 2008; Vaz et al., 2009), Taxus globosa (Rivera-Orduna et al., 2011), and the bladder saltbush Atriplex vesicaria (Cother and Gilbert, 1994).
Dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungal diversity was studied in the Atlantic rain forest in Serra do Mar Park (SE Brazil), along an altitudinal gradient (80, 600 and 1000 m a.s.l.). DSE were isolated from the roots of seven native tree species in three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). Fungi were identified by sequencing the ITS regions of rDNA of representative isolates of each morphotype. The 251 isolates could be assigned to 35 OTUs, which represented 27 species according to sequence data. The most frequently observed genera were Alternaria, Ascochyta, Cladosporium, Coniothyrium, Nigrospora, Microdiplodia and Phoma. Pathogenicity of each OTU was tested by inoculating rice seedlings (Oryza sativa). Fourteen of the 35 OTUs were non-pathogenic on rice seedlings, representing approximately 44% of the isolates. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that species composition of the endophyte communities correlated most strongly with the host species, whereas altitude, soil parameters or season were of minor importance. To our knowledge, this is the first time that DSE diversity has been reported in Brazil. We showed that some trees of the Atlantic rain forest are colonized by common members of the DSE community, previously reported from other regions in the world.
Preliminary insights into the evolutionary relationships of aquatic hyphomycetes and endophytic fungi
2016, Fungal Ecology
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It is also known to occur as an endophyte of highland rushes with a temperate (Yuki et al., 2005) and boreal-arctic-alpine distribution (Chlebicki, 2009). Additional observations of endophytic aquatic hyphomycetes, identified by spore shapes, have since been reported by many others (e.g., Fisher et al., 1986, 1991; Marvanova and Fisher, 1991; Sridhar and Bärlocher, 1992; Raviraja et al., 1996; Sati and Belwal, 2005; for review, see Chauvet et al., 2016). A major breakthrough was the documentation of aquatic hyphomycete DNA sequences in an endophyte of conifer needles (Sokolski et al., 2006), providing direct evidence for the ecological versatility of these fungi.
Aquatic hyphomycetes play a key role in leaf litter decomposition and are mediators of organic matter turnover in streams. Molecular studies have shown that some aquatic fungi are also plant endophytes, however, more evidence is needed to evaluate their multiple ecological abilities. To date, little information is available on fungal lineages that might have undergone convergent evolution to adapt to multiple ecological modes. We examined the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary divergences of aquatic hyphomycetes, endophytic aquatic hyphomycetes and other fungal endophytes of riparian/terrestrial plants by analyzing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Sequences with close phylogenetic affinity to aquatic fungi can occur as endophytes of terrestrial plants or in soil far from streams. To fully understand the ecological impact of aquatic hyphomycetes, we need to document and interpret their niches more broadly.
Infection of Helicoverpa armigera by endophytic Beauveria bassiana colonizing tomato plants
2015, Biological Control
Citation Excerpt :
Akello et al. (2007) concluded that physiological differences of different plant tissues enable a different quantity of conidia to be colonized. Furthermore, varied adaption of different endophytic fungi to different plant parts would likely result in variable strain specificity (Fisher et al., 1991). B. bassiana isolate WG-40 which was isolated from a wild (non-native) growing tomato plant was a better colonist of tomatoes than the two isolates from soil samples.
Beauveria bassiana was isolated from leaf tissue of a wild tomato plant. This isolate (reference WG-40) and a further two isolates of B. bassiana from soil (reference WG-14 and WG-19) were evaluated for their ability to endophytically colonize tomatoes and subsequently infect Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The three isolates were inoculated on to tomato plants using root dip, injection, solid substrate and direct foliar application methods. A detached leaf assay was used to evaluate B. bassiana-induced mortality of second and fourth instar larvae of H. armigera at 1, 3 and 5 weeks post plant inoculation with B. bassiana. Isolate WG-40 was the most effective at colonizing tomato plants compared to WG-14 and WG-19 that originated from soil. Root dipping was the most successful inoculation method. Larval mortality of H. armigera was significantly affected by the larval stage and the application method used to establish the fungus. Second instar larvae were more susceptible than fourth instar at all time intervals evaluated. Isolate WG-40 was the most pathogenic and achieved the highest insect mortality. Pupation and adult emergence were inversely correlated to the fungal infection. A few adverse growth effects on the tomato plants were observed as a consequence of endophytic colonization by B. bassiana, although the response was related to application method and fungal isolate. These findings suggest that endophytic colonization of B. bassiana has potential as an effective strategy to control H. armigera in tomatoes.

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Mycological Research

References (16)

A comparative study of fungal endophytes in xylem and bark of Alnus species in England and Switzerland

Mycological Research

Growth of two terrestrial microfungi on submerged alder leaves

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Aquatic Hyphomycete spora of the River Exe and its tributaries

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Aquatic Hyphomycete spora of some Dartmoor streams

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Pathogenicity of Alternaria and Cladosporium isolates on Phaseolus

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

A comparative study of fungal endophytes in xylem and whole stem of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Aquatic hyphomycetes from terrestrial litter

Fungi in healthy stems and branches of American beech and aspen: a comparative study

New Phytologist

Cited by (63)

Root fungal endophytes: identity, phylogeny and roles in plant tolerance to metal stress

Neanderthal plant use and stone tool function investigated through non-pollen palynomorphs analyses and pollen washes in the Abri du Maras, South-East France

Diverse fungal communities associated with the roots of isoetid plants are structured by host plant identity

Dark septate endophytic fungi of native plants along an altitudinal gradient in the Brazilian Atlantic forest

Preliminary insights into the evolutionary relationships of aquatic hyphomycetes and endophytic fungi

Infection of Helicoverpa armigera by endophytic Beauveria bassiana colonizing tomato plants