Solid waste management practices and review of recovery and recycling operations in Turkey
Introduction
Implementation of appropriate solid waste management practices requires reliable waste statistics. The data should represent a sufficiently long time frame (usually more than a few years), with relatively short measurement frequencies, to be statistically acceptable. This manuscript is a product of an effort aimed to review the existing data on solid waste management (SWM) in Turkey. Since, solid waste management constitutes one of the major Municipal expenditures; an additional attempt was made to review the cost data of solid waste management practices. The characteristics and costs for managing solid waste alters from one Municipal application to another and in addition to demographic facts, it is also a factor of how cost and solid waste terms are defined. Therefore, the authors have made an attempt to consolidate some of the solid waste data representing demographic and social facts of Turkey. This study can be assumed as a summary of long-standing efforts in establishing reliable figures on solid waste characteristics of Turkey.
Section snippets
Solid waste statistics
The State Institute of Statistics (SIS) has published one of the major sources of information in solid waste in Turkey. This extensive research published in 1993, provides valuable data on compositional variations in the household solid waste in Turkey (SIS, 1993). The household solid waste data collected from 57% of municipalities, corresponds to a sufficiently long sampling time frame and statistically acceptable waste collection frequencies. Therefore, almost all scientific publications
Conclusions
The review of municipal and household solid waste statistics in Turkey indicates that average household waste generation per capita is 0.6 kg/day and average municipal solid waste is 0.95 kg/day. The composition of municipal solid waste varies by the source of waste; however in all cases organic constituents accounts for more than 50% of municipal solid waste.
Material recovery data have been obtained from 31 municipal separate collection programmes, with data period extending up to 5 years of
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