International Public Management Journal
Origin and theoretical basis of new public management
Introduction
From where does New Public Management (NPM) come? The conventional wisdom holds that NPM has its origins in public-choice theory and managerialism Aucoin 1990, Dunsire 1995, Lueder 1996, Naschold et al 1995, Reichard 1996, Schedler 1995. Does this formula fit, and is it exhaustive? Moreover, is NPM really new? Finally, does NPM represent a paradigm change, as some writers claim Aucoin 1995, Borins 1994, Kamensky 1996, OECD 1995, Osborne and Gaebler 1993, Reinermann 1995?
To answer these questions, I describe the development of administrative thought in the U.S., the home of public-choice theory and managerialism. I focus on the U.S. because it dominates theoretical developments in the behavioral-administrative sciences, owing in part to the sheer size of its academic establishment, its diversity, and the richness of its approaches. On the presumption that the attempts of practitioners, consultants, and scientists to reform administrative organizations and delivery systems are influenced by their disciplinary socialization and training, this survey will examine whether theoretical concepts other than public choice and managerialism have influenced NPM.
Section snippets
Characteristics of new public management
The NPM movement began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Its first practitioners emerged in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and in the municipal governments in the U.S. (e.g., Sunnyvale, California) that had suffered most heavily from economic recession and tax revolts. Next, the governments of New Zealand and Australia joined the movement. Their successes put NPM administrative reforms on the agendas of most OECD countries and other nations as well (OECD, 1995).
Only
The development of administrative thought in the United States
The conscious study of public administration in the U.S. began in a time when its public administration was in a state of disrepute. In the late 19th century, the administrative mechanisms in the U.S. were dominated by the spoils system—administrative positions were distributed to those who contributed to the victorious party’s electoral success. Administrative personnel, therefore, changed frequently. Incompetence, inefficiency, and corruption were common Weber 1956, Van Riper 1987, Stone and
New public administration and its successors
Classical and neoclassical public administration were challenged not only by public-choice theory. Even in the heyday of neoclassical public administration, some voices dissented from the dominant stream of behavioral and positivist research. In matters of management, the human-relations school, based on the concept of Maslow’s self-actualizing man, sought to put humans at the center of management (McGregor, 1960): people should get opportunities to develop themselves and to live a healthy life
A descriptive model of the behavioral-administrative sciences
In the United States, the behavioral-administrative sciences are a melee of approaches and disciplines. Some disciplines (i.e., public choice) are relatively unified. Others (i.e., public management) are heavily fragmented. Some disciplines (i.e., public choice and new public administration) have some significant conflicts in their basic approaches. Others (public administration and public management) use compatible approaches but are in competition for students, audiences, and research funds.
The theoretical basis of new public management
As I have already argued, New Public Management has many components. But what are the theoretical bases for these components? What ideas have influenced the inventors of the reforms that were later labeled NPM (or Reinventing Government)? First, I examine the undisputed characteristics of NPM, then the debatable ones.
Budget cuts need no explanation. All types of scholars (except perhaps those with an emancipatory worldview) would recommend budget cuts in times of money shortages. Privatization
Is new public management really new? Does it reflect a paradigm change?
From the analysis above, I can offer a number of additional hypotheses about New Public Management.
Hypothesis 2: Many of the theoretical origins and influences on NPM are not new.
Some can even be traced back to the Progressives and are almost a hundred years old. This finding, however, must be qualified.
Hypothesis 3: The mix of reforms that make up New Public Management is certainly new.
Although some individual characteristics are rather old, these elements have never before been organized (as
The inevitable linkage between politics and administration
From these findings, I offer two more conclusions: Hypothesis 8: Decisions about administrative structures are political questions and are closely related to political philosophy.
Hypothesis 9: NPM is a mix of values that seems to fit the current situation and solve current administrative problems as well as possible, but it will not last forever.
There will come other problem situations and there will come new reform waves that will reform NPM-oriented structures.
All this should not be
Acknowledgments
During three years of research I received help, interesting comments, and other support from various sources. I want to thank here all the people who contributed to my thoughts—especially Sandy Borins, who gave me not only lessons in canoeing but in NPM, too. I also want to thank Bob Behn, Laura Florl, Mark Green, and Fred Thompson for their help in making this paper publishable.
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