Highly sensitive glucose sensor based on monodisperse palladium nickel/activated carbon nanocomposites
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Diabetes has turn into one of the important illness that negatively influences the life of many people. The blood glucose level is the very important in the early diagnostic and treatment of diabetes and should not be lower or higher than the range of 4.4–6.6 mM [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]]. Therefore many methods such as electrochemical [[2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]] and spectrophotometric [3] etc have been utilized to determine the glucose level in different samples. Among these methods, the electrochemical methods are promising because of their high sensitivity, simplicity, selectivity and performance. Electrochemical glucose sensors were divided into two groups as enzymatic and nonenzymatic sensors [3]. For glucose determination, enzymatic glucose sensors have been widely utilized due to their sensitivity and selectivity but they have many disadvantageous such as immobilization problems between the electrode and the enzyme, instability, high cost etc [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]]. Unlike enzymatic sensors, non-enzymatic glucose sensors have lots of benefits like being high sensitivity, long-term stability for the glucose detection. For instance, metals like Ni, Co, In, Ru, Au and Cu; metal oxides like Co3O4, NiO(OH), RuO2; and different metal combinations or composites like Cu-Pd, Pt-Au, Ni-Cr have been utilized for the detection of glucose [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]]. Besides, carbon-based materials like active carbon (AC), graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) have unique properties, for example, fabulous electrical conductibility, large surface area, great chemical stability and critical mechanical quality. Therefore, they have influenced scientists for various scientific investigations [[12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43]]. Due to those important properties such as good chemical stability, excellent conductivity, high adsorption capacity and large surface-to-volume ratio, activated carbon (AC) are thought as one of the best alternatives for the preparation of electrocatalytic nanomaterials. These features of ACs allow faster electron exchange with metal nanoparticles and anode surface. For this reason, this work is focused on the use of sensor prepared with activated carbon (AC)-supported Ni-Pd nanoparticles on a glassy carbon electrode to increase electroactivity against glucose. Furthermore, the suggested novel Ni-Pd@AC nanocomposites were investigated for stability, reusability, selectivity, accuracy, linear range, sensitivity and limit detection limit (LOD) as a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. Finally, it was shown that novel Ni-Pd@AC/GCE nanocomposites were tested in human blood serum sample as sensors.
Section snippets
Preparation of monodisperse Ni-Pd@AC NCs
In the preparation of Ni-Pd@AC nanocomposites (NCs), AC was used for both reduction and stabilization. At the beginning, before addition of AC (2.5 mmol), Ni (acac) (0.25 mmol in 25 mL H2O) and PdCl2 (0.25 mmol in 25 mL H2O) were mixed each other in ultrasonic conditions. After that, the refluxing of the resulting mixture was performed at 90 °C for 2 h. It was then cooled to room temperature and the color of the nickel-palladium nanocomposites dispersed by AC was observed to be brownish black
Material characterization
After the preparation of Ni-Pd@AC nanocomposites (NCs), the prepared nanocomposites have been characterized by TEM, RS, XRD, XPS etc. As shown in Fig. 1(a) and b, Ni-Pd nanomaterials are monodispersely distributed on the surface of decorated ACs. In addition, TEM results showed that the mean particle size was measured as 3.72 ± 0.42 nm. Furthermore, the geometric structure of the particles is mostly spherical and no agglomerates were observed for these nanocomposites. Additionally, it can be
Conclusions
In this paper, monodisperse Ni-Pd@AC nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized using a simple and in-situ method. These new nanocomposites were utilized for glucose detection and a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor was improved. It has been observed that these nanocomposites are highly active materials in the conversion of glucose to gluconolactone. Ni-Pd@AC/GCE is a very good candidate for a non-enzymatic glucose sensor since these nanocomposites, which are quite easy to synthesize,
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