Integration, participation and optimal control in water resources planning and management
Introduction
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM, [15]) is emerging as an accepted alternative to the sectoral, top-down management style that has disastrously dominated in the past. IWRM is based on the recognition that the intrinsic complexity of interconnected biophysical, social, economic and political factors can only be addressed by combining and truly integrating social constructivist ideas of participation and empowerment with a cross-disciplinary engineering approach. Water conflicts are value-laden and not neutral in a technical sense, and thus they cannot be resolved in a fully rational decisional context: the combined presence of multiple water uses and strong vested interests in the water resource management, both within and between nation states, requires the active involvement of the stakeholders in each stage of the decision-making process, from the identification of their preference structure to the negotiations of the decision(s) to be actually implemented. On the other hand, the existence of many alternative decisions and the uncertainty on their future effects require a systematic and formal approach through which the most interesting (namely Pareto efficient) decisions are singled out and their effects somehow assessed ex ante.
To couple effectively technical issues and preference aspects a procedural guidance must be provided to the decision-making process and an appropriate (ICT) toolbox designed to support planning as a systematic, integrative and iterative process [12]. According to these requirements, a general procedure for Participatory and Integrated Planning (PIP) has been conceived and implemented by the authors [9] by formalizing the methodologies developed and experienced in the Verbano Project (EU-INTERREG II), and further tested, completed and validated in a number of other international projects (MERIT, HARMONI-CA and TWOLE). A Multi-Objective, web-based, Decision Support System (TWOLE) has been designed to support each phase of the procedure.
The purpose of this paper is to review the PIP procedure in a strict System and Optimal Control Theory perspective, showing in particular how traditional and innovative control techniques play a central role in its application and how they can be re-interpreted to cope with the preference and subjective aspects of the decision-making process. The need for effective Multi-Objective Decision Support Systems (MODSSs) is also stressed and their key features analysed. Finally future and emerging research topics are presented.
Section snippets
The PIP procedure
Our Participatory and Integrated Planning (PIP) procedure provides a conceptual framework for the development of the decision-making process in the presence of multiple objectives and multiple Decision Makers (in the following DMs). A detailed description of the PIP procedure in its theoretical and applicative aspects can be found in [28], [29], respectively. The PIP procedure has been conceived to be as flexible and general as possible, and thus it allows for the use of both quantitative and
The Multi-Objective Decision Support System
The implementation of each phase of the PIP procedure requires the use of specific ICT tools. If we go through the PIP procedure, we can identify a number of tasks that can be helpfully supported by dedicated software programmes. For example, the definition and validation of the indicators (phase 2) is easier if the stakeholders are given the possibility of quickly computing and comparing the indicator values over historical data sets and perform sensitivity analysis. The identification of the
Policy design
Each phase of the PIP procedure presented in Section 2 poses a number of theoretical and practical questions; however the interest will here be focused on phase 4 only, to be precise on the solution of the design Problem P1.
Conclusion and future directions
The paper presents a procedure, the PIP procedure, which lies at the crossroads of different disciplines and aims at integrating stakeholder participation with Optimization and Decision Theory methods in water resources planning and management. In fact, if on the one hand the active involvement of the stakeholders is a necessary condition for effective and equitable planning and management of environmental systems, on the other hand the application of methods from Optimization and Decision
Acknowledgement
Partially supported by FONDAZIONE CARIPLO TWOLE-2004.
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