Potential of demand side integration to maximize use of renewable energy sources in Germany
Section snippets
Introduction to optimization algorithms for DSI
Maintaining the balance between generation and demand in the power system is generally based on the controllability of the energy production of the conventional and hydro power plants. The other balancing option is the control of loads. This method also allows for providing all kinds of system services [1]. The use of flexible loads can be managed by a Demand Side Management (DSM) system. In [2] DSM is defined as the direct influence on the load by increasing or decreasing the energy demand at
Modeling approach for analyzing the DSI potential
As mentioned in Section 1, different methods can be used to determine the DSI potential. For the most part, statistical approaches are used to model electrical equipment or typical load profiles in commercial and residential areas.
To understand the trends, a novel scenario based modeling approach is presented in this investigation. Using information about typical load profiles of domestic and commercial appliances and the individual share and type of different players one is able to globally
Optimization algorithm
The goal of the optimization is the sequential shifting of load blocks – taking into account the load and time factors as well as the concurrency parameters – to find the optimal positions for minimizing the peak load.
There are different mathematical approaches available to solve the described problem. Algorithms such as linear and dynamic programming [31], [32], [33] as well as fuzzy logic [33], [34], can be applied to find the maximal peak load reduction by focusing on optimal unit commitment
Scenarios and simulation results
The scenarios used for the investigation are based on the results of other studies for Germany [29], [30]. They also examine future developments regarding the increasing electrification of domestic appliances (Fig. 7) and transportation (electric vehicles). The trend for households mainly shows a change to electric heating and an increased penetration of air conditioning systems, both of which represent a significant resource for load shifting which is in line with the requirement to minimize
Discussion and conclusion
This work focused on the analysis of DSI potential for households and the commercial sector in the German power system. These areas could be used for the better integration of renewable energy, today and in the future, in order to reach the goal of avoiding the wasting of surplus green energy.
In the first step, a substantial simulation based on a genetic algorithm was presented that estimated the technical potential for load shifting. On average, up to 8 GW can be used to integrate renewable
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the director Wolfgang Glaunsinger and to the members of the ETG Task Force Demand Side Integration. The heated but fruitful discussions during the meetings between 2010 and 2012 have made an important contribution to this paper. A full list of members is published in [2].
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