Evaluation and analysis on positioning performance of BDS/QZSS satellite navigation systems in Asian-Pacific region
Introduction
In large cutoff angle conditions and in areas such as densely-built urban, mountainous and forest regions, positioning by a single system alone is often difficult to meet the requirements of precise navigation and positioning. Because in these circumstances, the less number of visible satellites of a single system will result in poor positioning accuracy and positioning performance. In order to overcome such problems, Japan has invested in the construction of QZSS satellite system to enhance the positioning serviceability with other system satellites. In recent years, many researchers have done a lot of studies on QZSS and other satellite systems.
Odolinksi et al. (2016) studied and analyzed the RTK positioning performance of GPS and BDS combined system, and concluded that with the SF-DS higher elevation cut off angles than the conventional 10◦ or 15◦ can be used. The experiment with low-cost receivers for the SF-DS reveals (for the first time) that it has the potential to achieve comparable ambiguity resolution performance to that of a DF-SS (L1, L2 GPS), based on the survey-grade receivers.
Zaminpardaz et al. (2018) studied the positioning results of the new generation regional satellite system QZSS in Australia, in which the RTK positioning performance of the single system QZSS through three frequencies (L1 + L2 + L5). The results shown that despite the relatively poor 4-satellite receiver-to-satellite positioning geometry over Australia, thus showing that already now centimeter-level stand-alone QZSS positioning is possible with the current 4-satellite constellation (February–March 2018).
Odolinski et al. (2015) also studied the RTK positioning performance of single frequency four-system of BDS + Galileo + QZSS + GPS. It is concluded that the four-system RTK model allows for improved integer ambiguity resolution and positioning performance over the single-, dual- or triple-systems, particularly for higher cutoff angle.
Li et al.(2017) studied the L5/E5a SS-RTK positioning performance of single frequency GPS + Galileo + IRNSS + QZSS system. They concluded that the convergence time of the float solutions, reaching a subdecimeter precision level, reduces from 30 to 40 min (single-antenna array) to about 20 min (four-antenna array).
Nadarajah and Teunissen (2014) studied the key algorithm for solving ambiguity of carrier phase of single frequency GPS/Galileo/QZSS/SBAS system under bad environment. The results demonstrate the enhanced robustness 20 that four systems bring to single-epoch single-frequency attitude determination.
It can be concluded from the studies mentioned above that many useful results on the combination of QZSS with other satellite system have been obtained. However, most of the studies were focused on single frequency RTK positioning performance and the enhancement of GPS and Galileo satellite systems with QZSS system, in which there were seldom studies on BDS system enhanced with QZSS system.
In fact precise point positioning technology, PPP (Zumberge et al.,1997) is useful in many fields such as mobile surveying in a large area, large network fast calculating, precise timing, atmospheric sciences and geodynamics.
In view of this, in this paper, by using the observation data and products of precise obit and clock offset from Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) and GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University, the positioning performance of BDS/QZSS satellite navigation system has been analyzed and evaluated in aspects of the quantity of visible satellites, DOP value, multipath effect, signal-to-noise ratio, static PPP and kinematic PPP.
Section snippets
Constellation structure of BDS/QZSS satellite navigation systems
The Beidou Satellite Navigation System (BDS) constellation is now made up of 35 satellites. By the end 2012, 16 satellites had been launched, among them 14 satellites had constituted network to formally started regional navigation services, including 5 GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) satellites, 5 IGSO (Inclined Synchronous Orbit) satellites and 4 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) satellites, it is the first third-orbit hybrid navigation constellation (Guo et al., 2017a). It is expected that it will
Test data sources
The test data used in this paper is from the Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) and GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University (http://saegnss2.curtin.edu/ldc/). The basic information of 13 observation stations as test data sources in this paper is listed in Table 2, in which there is only one station in China, the others are in Asian and Pacific regions outside China, and the observation date was during August 8, 2018 for evaluation and analysis of BDS/QZSS
Visibility and DOP analysis of BDS/QZSS satellite
In GNSS measurements, navigation positioning services cannot be provided if the number of visible satellites is less than four. The position error of GNSS satellite navigation and positioning system is mainly related to user equivalent range error (UERE) and Dilution Of Precision (DOP). The DOP includes Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP), Position Dilution Of Precision (PDOP), Horizontal Dilution Of Precision (HDOP), and Vertical Accuracy Decay Factor. (Vertical Dilution of Precision,
Conclusions
By using the observation data and products of precise obit and clock offset from Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) and GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University in this paper, the positioning performance of BDS/QZSS satellite navigation system in Asian-Pacific region has been analyzed and evaluated in aspects of the quantity of visible satellites, DOP value, multipath effect, signal-to-noise ratio, static PPP and kinematic PPP. Some conclusions can be made as
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers and editors for their helpful constructive suggestions and comments, which has significantly improved the quality of this paper. The authors gratefully acknowledge IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) for providing GNSS data and products (http://mgex.igs.org/). Many thanks go to the GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University for providing multi-GNSS data (http://saegnss2.curtin.edu./ldc/). The PPP experiments are conducted based on the open-source software
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