Removal of malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions by native and heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge

doi:10.1016/j.bej.2007.10.016

Biochemical Engineering Journal

Volume 39, Issue 3, 1 May 2008, Pages 538-546

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2007.10.016 Get rights and content

Abstract

The performance of native and heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge in removing of malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution was investigated with different conditions, such as pH, ionic strength, initial concentration and temperature. The maximum biosorption was both observed at pH 5.0 on the native and heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge. The ionic strength had negative effect on MG removal. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption process followed pseudo-second-order and q_e for native and heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge is 61.73 and 59.17 mg/g at initial concentration 150 mg/L, respectively. Intraparticle diffusion model could well illuminate adsorption process and faster adsorption rate of native anaerobic granular sludge than heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge. The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich model, and well fitted Langmuir model. The negative values of ΔG° and ΔH° suggested that the interaction of MG adsorbed by native and heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge was spontaneous and exothermic. Desorption studies revealed that MG could be well removed from anaerobic granular sludge by 1% (v/v) of HCl–alcohol solution.

Introduction

The presence of dyes and pigments in water, even at very low concentrations, is highly visible and undesirable [1]. It not only affects aesthetic merit, but also inhibits sunlight penetration and reduces photosynthetic action within ecosystem [2]. The complex aromatic molecular structures of dyes and synthetic origin make them more stable to light, heat and oxidizing agents, and are usually biologically non-degradable [3], [4].

As a widely used dye in China, malachite green (MG) has been used as a strong anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-parasitical agent in fish farming [5]. It is also used for the dyeing of cotton, wool, silk, paper, and leather. It is known to be highly toxic to mammalian cells and acts as a tumor-enhancing agent. This dye may enter into the food chain and could possibly cause carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effect on humans [6], [7].

Various physical-chemical processes have been extensively used in effective treatment of the dye-containing wastewater, which include conventional chemical coagulation/flocculation, precipitation, ozonation, oxidation, adsorption, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis and ultra filtration. However, their initial and operational costs are so great that they constitute an inhibition to dyeing and finishing industries, especially in developing countries [8]. Among these technologies, adsorption has appeared as the most effective process for the removal of dyestuff from aqueous effluents. Activated carbon is the most popular and widely used adsorbent, but it is hard to regeneration and need high operating costs [9].

Present day many investigators have made search for the feasibility of using low cost and efficient adsorbents. The use of biomass as adsorbents for dyes also offers a potential alternative to existing methods for detoxification [10]. And, since 1980s, the adaptation of live or dead biomass or their derivatives into adsorption studies has successfully been made, especially for the removal of heavy metals and other pollutants from wastewater [11]. In recent years, anaerobic granular sludge is widely used for treating high strength wastewaters. It has been proved that it could efficiently adsorption of heavy metals and hazardous organic pollutants [12], [13], [14]. Due to the excellent solid/liquid separation ability, anaerobic granular sludge has better practical operation than other biosorbents, such as alga [15], floc sludge [16] and fungus [17].

The aim of present study was to examine optimum adsorption conditions, such as pH, ionic strength and temperature of a cost-effective biosorbent. The adsorption kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic properties were also explored. Moreover, it also checked the effect of sterilization for the adsorption efficiency.

Section snippets

Preparation of the biosorbent

The anaerobic granular sludge used in this study was collected from Shandong Meiquan Environmental Protection Technology Ltd., China, which was used for treating starch wastewater. This anaerobic granular sludge was stored in a sealed container at 4 °C until batch experiments. Heat-treated form of anaerobic granular sludge was prepared by autoclaving the sludge at 116 °C and 110 kPa for 30 min. Prior to use, the sludge was washed with deionized water for three times to remove dirty particles.

Preparation of MG solutions

All

Properties of anaerobic granule sludge

The surface morphology of the native and heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge was exemplified by SEM in Fig. 2. The surface of granular sludge is rough, uneven and porous. The surface structure of the anaerobic granular sludge has become loosen after heat treatment for sterilization.

The FT-IR analysis of granular sludge was given in Fig. 3. The intense peaks at a frequency level of 3500–3200 and 1540 cm⁻¹ represents amino groups stretching vibrations. The amino groups stretching vibrations

Conclusions

The removal of MG from aqueous solution using native and heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge was studied at different conditions in batch experiment. From the experiment, the adsorption amount was highly dependent of operating variables such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, contact time and initial dye concentration.

The adsorption amount increased with the increasing of pH value from 2 to 7, the maximum removal of dye was observed at pH 5.0. And it was seen that the increase in the ionic

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Removal of malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions by native and heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Preparation of the biosorbent

Preparation of MG solutions

Properties of anaerobic granule sludge

Conclusions

Biochem. Eng. J.

Water Res.

Biochem. Eng. J.

Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects

Aquat. Toxicol.

Sep. Purif. Technol.

Chem. Eng. J.

Environ. Pollut.

Biochem. Eng. J.

J. Hazard. Mater.

J. Hazard. Mater.

Water Sci. Technol.

Bioresour. Technol.

Sep. Purif. Technol.

J. Hazard. Mater.

Bioresour. Technol.

J. Hazard. Mater.

J. Hazard. Mater.