Leading opinionMinimal surface scaffold designs for tissue engineering☆
Section snippets
Mechanical properties at 50% volume fraction
It is the main result of this article that, as demonstrated by Fig. 3, minimal surface sheet solids consistently are considerably stiffer than minimal surface network solids of the same volume fraction and built from the same material. For φ = 50% and , we find bulk moduli in the range [0.29; 0.31] for sheet solids, and [0.22; 0.25] for network solids.
The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were computed using a voxel-based finite-element method scheme (similar to the approach of ref.
Discussion
We have discussed two types of biomorphic scaffolds based on triply-periodic minimal surfaces, termed network solids and sheet solids, and their mechanical properties. While network solids have received considerable attention in the mechanical and tissue engineering literature [11], [13], [14], [15], sheet solids, at least those based on minimal surfaces, have only recently been suggested as scaffold designs for tissue engineering [23].
As the key result of this article, we have shown that, at
Conclusion
This article makes the case for a more prominent role of geometric considerations in the design process of artificial bone scaffolds. The first step toward an optimal functional scaffold is the informed choice of the geometric structure, which is the principal determinant of its physical properties. Owing to advances in rapid prototyping technology, this step is increasingly decoupled from the choice of specific chemical and biological material parameters. This recognition highlights the
Acknowledgments
We thank Robert Magerle (Chemnitz) for pointing out the analogy to solid struts and hollow pipes; we also thank Mahyar Madadi (Canberra) and Ruggero Gabbrielli (Bath) for helpful comments and discussions on the subject of the article. GEST and SK acknowledge financial support through the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grant SCHR1148/2-1. KM gratefully acknowledges the support of the Cluster of Excellence ‘Engineering of Advanced Materials’ within the Exzellenzinitiative of the DFG.
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Editor’s Note: This paper is one of a newly instituted series of scientific articles that provide evidence-based scientific opinions on topical and important issues in biomaterials science. They have some features of an invited editorial but are based on scientific facts, and some features of a review paper, without attempting to be comprehensive. These papers have been commissioned by the Editor-in-Chief and reviewed for factual, scientific content by referees.