Favorable effects of superficially deacetylated chitin nanofibrils on the wound healing process
Introduction
Chitin is widely distributed in nature and is the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose (Muzzarelli, 2011). Chitin occurs in nature as ordered macrofibrils and is the major structural component in the exoskeleton of crab and shrimp shells as well as the cell walls of fungi and yeast (Muzzarelli, 2011, Azuma et al., 2014). Recently, several methods of preparing chitin or chitosan nanofibrils have been reported (Ifuku and Saimoto, 2012, Ifuku, 2014). Ifuku et al. (2009) reported the preparation method of chitin nanofibrils (CNFs) by a simple grinding treatment under an acidic condition. superficially deacetylated chitin nanofibrils (SDACNFs) have also been reported (Fan, Saito, & Isogai, 2010). Although the nanofibrils surface in this study was transformed into chitosan by deacetylation, the core was maintained as chitin crystals. More recently, Dutta et al. (2013b) established a method of preparing chitosan nanofibrils (CSNFs) by modifying the methods of Ifuku et al. These nanofibrils are considered to have great potential for various applications because they have several useful properties, such as high specific surface area and high porosity.
In fact, various bioactivities of CNFs and SDACNFs were reported. CNFs suppressed clinical symptoms and colon inflammation in an experimental colitis model (Azuma et al., 2012a, Azuma et al., 2012b, Azuma et al., 2013). SDACNFs suppressed increases in body weight and serum leptin level in a model of obesity induced by high fat diets (Azuma et al., 2014). In addition, Ito et al. (2014) reported the protective effects of CNFs on skin using a 3D skin culture model with Franz cells. It was indicated that the application of CNFs to skin improved the epithelial granular layer and increased granular density.
Previously, many reports have indicated that chitin and its derivatives are beneficial for wound healing (Muzzarelli, 2009, Jayakumar et al., 2011, Minami et al., 2014). More recently, the beneficial effects of CNFs and CSNFs for wound healing were also described (Muzzarelli, 2012, Ding et al., 2014). However, there have been no reports that demonstrated the effects of SDACNFs on wound healing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of SDACNFs on wound healing using an experimental model. Moreover, the differences in the wound healing effects among CNFs, SDACNFs, and CSNFs are discussed.
Section snippets
Materials
Chitin powder from crab shells was purchased from Koyo Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Chitosan powder was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan) and washed with water by filtration prior to use. Sodium hydroxide and acetic acid were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan) and used as received.
Preparation of CNFs, SDACNFs, and CSNFs
CNFs were prepared by following a previously reported procedure (Ifuku et al., 2009). Chitin (2.0 g) was dispersed in 200 mL of distilled water. The dispersion was roughly
Results and discussions
Previously, some reports indicate the beneficial effects of the materials based on CNFs and CSNFs (Muzzarelli, Mehtedi, & Mattioli-Belmonte, 2014). For example, it is evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the CNFs-derived, wound-healing technology among patients with venous leg ulcers (VLUs) (Talymed®, Marine Polymer Technologies Inc, Danvers, MA). The proportion of patients with completely healed VLUs was 45.0% (n = 9 of 20), 86.4% (n = 19 of 22), and 65.0% (n = 13 of 20) for groups
Conflict of interest statement
There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Creating STart-ups from Advanced Research and Technology (START) project of JST and KAKENHI (26708026) of JSPS.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.