Heavy metal ions removal from metal plating wastewater using electrocoagulation: Kinetic study and process performance
Introduction
Metal plating industry is one of the major chemical processes that discard large amounts of wastewaters. These industrial wastewaters contain various types of harmful heavy metals and toxic substances such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cyanide and degreasing solvents [1]. Numerous approaches such as physical, chemical and biological processes including adsorption, biosorption, precipitation, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, filtration and other membrane separations are employed to treat wastewaters [2]. Precipitation of heavy metals in an insoluble form of hydroxides is the most effective and economical method to treat heavy metals wastewater. The main idea of precipitation method is to adjust the pH of wastewater and to add chemical coagulants like aluminum or iron salts to remove pollutants as colloidal matter [3]. The precipitation typically occurs according to the following reaction:
Although the chemical coagulation technique is considered to be effective in treating industrial wastewater effluents, it has quite high cost. On the other hand, the addition of chemical coagulants to the wastewater may produce side-products that are considered as secondary pollutants [4]. Alternatively, electrocoagulation (EC) was found to be an effective technique for precipitating industrial wastewater pollutants [5], [6]. The simplicity of EC operation, low energy consumption, high quality effluent, low sludge formation and low dissolved solids made electrocoagulation a desirable treatment method [5], [7], [8].
In electrocoagulation process, no chemicals are added to form coagulant agents. Basically, wastewater solution is subjected to a direct electrical (DC) current field through sacrificial electrodes (cathodes and anodes) that are generally made of iron or aluminum [1], [5], [6]. Though it is traditional to use solid flat electrodes, cylindrical perforated ones are adopted in some previous studies to have better distribution of the applied DC field onto the wastewater treated [9], [10]. Due to electrical potential difference between cathodic and anodic electrodes in electrocoagulation, water is oxidized to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen gas and the metal oxidation will generate its cations. Simultaneously, water reduction occurs at the cathode to generate hydroxyl ions (OH−) and hydrogen gas. For iron-iron electrodes, as in the present study, two ferric hydroxides, Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 are produced according to the following electrolytic reactions [11], [12]:
The generated ferric hydroxide flocs serve as coagulant agents that can precipitate various wastewater pollutants. It is reported that Fe(III) hydroxide coagulants are more effective than Fe(II) hydroxide due to the higher stability of Fe(OH)3 [13]. There are many physiochemical phenomena involved in electrocoagulation that can be summarized as [6]: (i) anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction, (ii) generation and migration of flocculating agents in the aqueous phase (iii) coagulation and adsorption of pollutants on flocculating agents and (iv) electroflotation or sedimentation of coagulated aggregates. In order to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness, the chemical/physical properties of wastewater must be monitored during the EC operation.
Electrocoagulation has been successfully applied for the treatment of different types of wastewater generated from municipal wastewater [4], [10], pulp and paper mill industries [12], [14], olive mills [15], textile processing [16], potato chips manufacturing [17], baker’s yeast production [18] and pigments industries [13], [19]. Several studies have proved the high efficiency of electrocoagulation in the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial/synthesis wastewater [1], [20], [21], [22]. Unlike these studies, the present work investigated simultaneous removal of chromium (Cr3+), copper (Cu2+), nickel (Ni2+) and zinc (Zn2+) ions from metal plating wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) technique. In addition, a kinetic study was conducted for the first time to describe the removal rates of heavy metal ions. The impact of EC time, direct current density, pH and electrical conductivity (σ) on the heavy metal ions removal by electrocoagulation was investigated. Finally, the consumption levels of both electrical energy and electrode material were assessed at different operating conditions to demonstrate qualitatively the cost-effective features.
Section snippets
Experimental setup
Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the electrocoagulation (EC) laboratory scale setup. The EC reactor was constructed from Pyrex glass with dimensions of 120 mm × 112 mm × 89 mm. Iron (carbon steel) plates were used as sacrificial electrodes, arranged in monopolar configurations. Six electrodes were positioned vertically with spaces of 15 mm. Three plates were connected as cathodes and the other three as anodes. The plates have rectangular geometry with the dimensions of 45 mm × 53 mm × 3 mm. The total
Results and discussion
The heavy metal ions removal was measured in terms of percent removal efficiency defined as:where C0 and C are the concentrations of Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+ or Ni2+ in the original wastewater sample and in the treated one at the given EC time (t), respectively.
Conclusions
The present study investigated the removal of heavy metal ions from metal plating wastewater, by a batch electrocoagulation process. Electrocoagulation for long residence time with high current density significantly improves the removal of heavy metal ions. The results confirmed that the EC process is independent from electrical conductivity at high levels. In order to further minimize the energy consumption while maintaining higher removal efficiency, the current density must not be more than 4
References (32)
- et al.
Copper, chromium and nickel removal from metal plating wastewater by electrocoagulation
Desalination
(2011) - et al.
Addition of Al and Fe salts during treatment of paper mill effluents to improve activated sludge settlement characteristics
Bioresour. Technol.
(2007) - et al.
Electrocoagulation (EC) – science and applications
J. Hazard. Mater.
(2001) Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment
Sep. Purif. Technol.
(2004)- et al.
Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation pretreatment for enhanced virus removal using microfiltration membranes
Water Res.
(2005) - et al.
A quantitative comparison between chemical dosing and electrocoagulation
Colloids Surf. A
(2002) - et al.
Performance of the submerged membrane electro-bioreactor (SMEBR) with iron electrodes for wastewater treatment and fouling reduction
J. Membr. Sci.
(2011) - et al.
Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: a general review
Appl. Catal. B
(2009) - et al.
Remediation of wastewater from pulp and paper mill industry by the electrochemical technique
Chem. Eng. J.
(2009) - et al.
Contribution to the study of electrocoagulation mechanism in basic textile effluent
J. Hazard. Mater.
(2006)