Synthesis and optimization of barium manganate nanofibers by electrospinning
Introduction
Ceramic materials have high corrosive resistance and high chemical erosion which makes them useful in many fields of technology [1]. In recent years, one-dimensional ceramic materials such as nanorods, nanotubes, nanowhiskers, and nanofibers, etc., have attracted great interest because of their superior electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal, gas sensing and catalytic properties that arise from the difference in surface morphology and size effect as compared to their bulk counterparts [2]. Among these nanostructures, nanofibers have many potential applications owing to their high porous structure, low density and high surface to volume ratio [3], [4]. Electrospinning is one of the simplest, versatile, time and cost effective technique used for the synthesis of ultrafine, continuous and uniform diameter nanofibers of polymers, composites and ceramics [5], [6]. An important feature of this technique is that the electrospun nanofibers mats are suggested for membrane-based applications in environmental science, catalysis, and energy technology [1]. Shao et al. [7] have reported for first time the formation of ceramic nanofibers by electrospinning technique in 2002. The technique has been used successfully by many research groups for the synthesis of varieties of ultrafine ceramic nanofibers, e.g., BaTiO3, LaMnO3, LaFeO3, ZnFe2O4, Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3, etc., [5], [8], [9], [10], [11].
To the best of our knowledge synthesis of BaMnO3 nanofibers has not been reported. In this paper, we report the successful synthesis of continuous, porous, and uniform diameter nanofibers of BaMnO3 with the effect of temperature and PVP concentration using electrospinning technique.
Section snippets
Experimental
Barium acetate and manganese acetate were used as the starting materials for the synthesis of BaMnO3 nanofibers. We dissolved 1.2772 g of Ba(CH3COO)2 and 1.2254 g of Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O in 6 ml acetic acid and stirred for 10–15 min. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, Mw ≈ 1,300,000) of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g each was dissolved in 13.5 ml ethanol and stirred for 10–15 min. After stirring, both solutions were mixed and the final mixture was thoroughly stirred at room temperature for 16 h to get a homogeneous
XRD analysis
The XRD patterns of barium manganate nanofibers after annealing at 100, 400 and 700 °C were shown in Fig. 1(a), (b) and (c), respectively. Fig. 1(d) shows the standard XRD pattern of single phase 2H-BaMnO3, JCPDS card no. 26-0168. In Fig. 1(a) the XRD pattern is amorphous type which means that barium manganate phase is not formed at 100 °C. However, at 400 °C the high intensity peaks of BaMnO3 crystalline phase appeared and became more prominent and clear at 700 °C without any impurity peak which
Conclusions
Barium manganate porous nanofibers of diameter about 100 nm were successfully synthesized from the heat treatment of PVP/Ba(CH3COO)2/Mn(CH3COO)2 composite nanofibers using electrospinning technique. Results show that PVP concentration had played an important role in the formation, uniformity, homogeneity and particularly in the reduction of diameter of nanofibers when other parameters were kept constant. The effect of temperature on crystal structure and morphology of nanofibers was also studied
Acknowledgments
The authors highly acknowledge the financial support from the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan.
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