Evaluation of potential for reuse of industrial wastewater using metal-immobilized catalysts and reverse osmosis
Introduction
Of the latest-generation display panels, the active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) is a self-luminous element that does not need a backlight, unlike liquid crystal display (LCD). The AMOLED manufacturing industry is growing rapidly, because AMOLED has a simpler structure and better image quality than LCD. However, the fast development of the electronics industry has accelerated its water use, causing such problems as a lack of water and a increasing amount of pollutant discharged into river into rivers (Chen et al., 2003, Chen and Chen, 2004). To address these problems, over 40% of wastewater that is discharged from AMOLED manufacturing is reused (reclamation) as raw water for the production of ultrapure water (UPW).
In general, industries consuming a large volume of water obviously have greater potential for reusing wastewater. If the wastewater is reused for activities such as washing floors and cooling in power station, the reusing water quality is easily achieved by additional simple physical and chemical treatments (Rebhun and Engel, 1988, Mohsen and Jaber, 2002, Mohammadnejad et al., 2011). However, more specific and complicated treatment for reusing wastewater in the electronics industry is necessary to produce high purity water which is supplied to UPW production process (Victoria University and CSIRO, 2008, Gutterres and de Aquim, 2013).
The wastewater discharged to reclamation process from manufacturing facility was containing less than 3000 μg L−1 as total organic carbon (TOC). The reclaiming water with a TOC of less than 1000 μg L−1 is considered as low-strength wastewater, and a TOC between 1000 and 3000 μg L−1 reflects high-strength wastewater. Especially, main components in low-strength wastewater are acetone, isopropyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, and methanol. Among these compounds, isopropyl alcohol, which utilized in etching and washing the surface of panel in the display manufacturing process, is toxic to humans and relatively resistant to biodegradation (Ruiz, 2004, Kim et al., 2012).
In actual facility, the reclamation of low-strength wastewater has been achieved by a combination of activated carbon and reverse osmosis (RO), whereas high-strength wastewater has been treated with ultraviolet advanced oxidation process (UV-AOP), anion exchange resin, and coal carbon. However, the combination of activated carbon and RO are not applicable for wastewater containing high TOC, and UV-AOP and ion exchange is considered to be uncompetitive due to large footprint requirement. Therefore, an innovative reclamation method is necessary to satisfy the water quality standards and minimize the footprint for the installation of facilities due to continuous expansion of AMOLED production lines.
The homogeneous Fenton reaction was one of representative advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which was mainly used in industrial waste water purification (Centi et al., 2000). Recently, there were many researches using solid phase Fe instead of liquid phase Fe as Fenton’s catalysts which is called heterogeneous Fenton reaction. Fe on carbon, SiO2 and zeolite, clay mineral containing copper or iron, and iron bearing minerals were studied to evaluated the possibility of effectively producing hydroxyl radical in the reaction with H2O2 on removing various organic chemicals in solution (Abdellaoui et al., 1999, Barrault et al., 2000, Centi et al., 2000, Huling et al., 2000, Chou et al., 2001, Pirkanniemi and Sillanpää, 2002, Zazo et al., 2006, Ramirez et al., 2007). The heterogeneous Fenton reaction has an advantage in reducing the chemical usage and sludge production compared to homogeneous Fenton reaction which was considered as an obstacle when Fenton reaction was applied in low strength waste water treatment. Therefore, authors were developed and evaluated the metal-immobilized catalyst based on activated carbon (Choi et al., 2013).
In this study, we examined the possibility of reusing reclaimed water as raw water for UPW production by applying practically a metal-immobilized catalyst (solid-phase advanced oxidation process; solid-phase AOP) to oxidize the large amounts of low-molecular-weight organic compounds in reclaimed water. Specifically, the effects of operational factors such as pH, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and various acids were determined through a batch and a column test. Finally, the TOC removal efficiency and operational cost of S-AOP + RO were compared with those of existing (activated carbon + RO and UV-AOP + anion resin + coal carbon) for the same reclaimed water in the pilot scale experiment.
Section snippets
Characteristics of reclaimed water
Reclaimed water was generated by etching and washing the surface of a glass plate from the display manufacturing process. The main components of the reclaimed water were acetone, isopropyl alcohol, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH), acetaldehyde, methanol, and ethanol. The average TOC concentration of the reclaimed water was 1691 ± 528 μg L−1 (max. 3312; min. 366 μg L−1), and the conductivity was 4–5 μS cm−1 (see Fig. 1a). As shown in Fig. 1b, the isopropyl alcohol, acetone, acetaldehyde, methanol,
Effect of acids
Because the pH of the reclaimed water discharged from display manufacturing facilities was approximately 4.5, the pH had to be decreased by adding the appropriate acids to initiate the AOP reaction. Inorganic acids, such as, persulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and perchloric acid, could be considered as possible candidate for acid. Perchloric acid can be considered in recycling reclaimed water, because ClO4− ions have less of a OH radical scavenger effect than chloride ions from
Conclusions
To reuse organic wastewater that is generated from the display manufacturing industry, we developed a hybrid process that combines solid-phase AOP and RO. For the solid-phase AOP, the applicable and practicable acid was hydrochloric acid. The optimal pH and H2O2 concentration in the AOP using catalysts were below 3.2 and 3.5 mg L−1, respectively. For RO, sodium bisulfate was selected to remove the residual H2O2. TOC concentration (<200 μg L−1) and conductivity (<5 μS cm−1) in the solid-phase AOP + RO
References (36)
- et al.
Catalytic wet oxidation with H2O2 of carboxylic acids on homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-type catalysts
Catal. Today
(2000) - et al.
Degradation of acetone and isopropylalcohol in electronic wastewater using Fe- and Al-immobilized catalysts
Chem. Eng. J.
(2013) - et al.
Effects of chloride ions on the iron(III)-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and on the efficiency of the Fenton-like oxidation process
Appl. Catal. B Environ.
(2006) - et al.
A comparative study of the effects of chloride, sulfate and nitrate ions on the rates of decomposition of H2O2 and organic compounds by Fe(II)/H2O2 and Fe(III)/H2O2
Chemosphere
(2004) - et al.
Influence of the characteristics of carbon materials on their behaviour as heterogeneous Feton catalysts for the elimination of the azo dye Orange II from aqueous solutions
Appl. Catal. B-Environ.
(2011) - et al.
Treatment of textile effluents by the heterotrophs Fenton process in a continuous packed-bed reactor using Fe/activated carbon as catalyst
Chem. Eng. J.
(2013) - et al.
Optimization of continuous reactor at pilot scale for olive-oil mill wastewater treatment by Fenton-like process
Chem. Eng. J.
(2013) - et al.
Hydroxyl radicals scavenging role of chloride and bicarbonate ions in the H2O2/UV process
Chemosphere
(2001) - et al.
Influence of some groundwater and surface waters on the degradation of 4-chlorophenol by the Fenton reaction
Chemosphere
(1995) - et al.
Effect of chloride ions on the oxidation of aniline by Fenton’s reagent
J. Environ. Manage.
(2005)
Water pinch analysis in oil refinery using regeneration reuse and recycling consideration
Desalination
A review of classic Fenton’s peroxidation as an advanced oxidation technique
J. Hazard. Mater.
Pilot-scale peroxidation (H2O2) of sewage sludge
J. Hazard. Mater.
Study of kinetic parameters related to the decolourization and mineralization of reactive dyes from textile dyeing using Fenton and photo-Fenton processes
Dyes Pigments
Heterogeneous water phase catalysis as an environmental application: a review
Chemosphere
Simazine Fenton’s oxidation in a continuous reactor
Appl. Catal. B-Environ.
Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol with a Fe/active carbon catalyst
Appl. Catal. B Environ.
Catalytic oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of [Al–Cu] pillared clays
J. Chim. Phys. Phys. Chim. Biol.
Cited by (7)
Influence of the origin of carbon support on the structure and properties of TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles prepared by dip coating method
2019, Arabian Journal of ChemistryCitation Excerpt :Advanced oxidation processes are useful adjuncts to conventional techniques such as, flocculation (Grĉíc et al., 2015), precipitation (Mahmoodi, 2011), adsorption on activated carbon (Wang et al., 2014a,b; Omri and Benzina, 2014; Omri et al., 2013a,b, 2012; Yang et al., 2015), reverse osmosis (Choi and Chung, 2015; Joo, 2014), the combustion and the aerobic biological oxidation (Punzi et al., 2015).
Development of novel method for immobilizing tmah-degrading microbe into pellet and characterization tool, for verifying its robustness in electronics wastewater treatment
2020, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthApplication of wastewater reuse with photocatalyst prepared by sol-gel method and its kinetics on the decomposition of low molecular weight pollutants
2020, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthEffect of catalytic ozonation on the toc removal and anions separation treating coal chemical brine by nanofiltration membranes
2018, Desalination and Water TreatmentRemoval of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in effluents from treated landfill leachate by electrochemical oxidation
2018, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste ManagementOdor removal by powdered activated carbon (PAC) in low turbidity drinking water
2016, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply