The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes/polylactic acid nanocomposites prepared by twin-screw extrusion
Introduction
In recent years, conductive polymer composite (CPC) has been extensively used in the fields of electrostatic dissipation [1], electromagnetic interference-shielding [2], [3], [4], and electrically conductive materials for achieving enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability, tribological properties, and reduced thermal expansion [5]. This makes researchers be more and more interested in the development of CPC. Different practical applications will require the CPC with different electrical properties, even mechanical properties. Therefore, for the preparation of CPCs, the selection of matrix, conductive filler and molding process is very crucial.
As for the matrix, owing to more and more serious impact of the petrochemical industries on the environment, it is strongly required to produce a potential CPC with environmental friendly. For this purpose, the biodegradable polymer has attracted more and more interests as an alternative matrix, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Especially, polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biodegradable and thermoplastic polymer which can be derived from renewable resources such as starch and is a sustainable alternative to petrochemical-derived products. Also, PLA is a well-studied environmental friendly polymer because of its good strength and stiffness [6], [7], [8] and is being used in widespread applications, such as packaging materials, degradable plastic bags, water and milk bottles, as well as in automotive applications [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]. Therefore, it is considered that PLA as an environmentally friendly polymer could replace traditional polymers in potential industrial applications.
Shifting the attention to the filler, carbon nanotube (CNT) has been very maturely studied as an outstanding conductive filler. It has not only excellent thermal and electrical properties, but also good mechanical properties [14], [15], [16]. However, because of its some shortcomings, CNTs are easily agglomerated and non-uniformly distributed in the matrix, leading to the decline of composite mechanical and electrical properties, which also affect the application of CNT/polymer composites in industry. Thus the dispersion and distribution of CNTs, even their orientation, play an important role in determining the properties of CPCs, ranging from electrical to mechanical properties.
In recent years, many researchers have interested in development of the CNT/PLA nanocomposites. However, most of them take advantage of the surface modification methods to prepare the nanocomposites [17], [18]. Although their methods can improve the electrical properties of the CNT/PLA nanocomposites, the preparations of the nanocomposite commonly stay in laboratory-scale stage. Therefore, in order to achieve the industrialized produce, we choose the molding method to prepare the CNT/PLA nanocomposites.
As the molding methods, commonly injection molding, extrusion molding, blow molding and rolling molding are available. Some researchers attempted to take advantage of the molecular chain orientation of polymer during extending to improve the mechanical properties of degradable polymer through various molding processes [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]. In general, extrusion process is considered as an easy and continuous process, and there is not limit in process degree. Based on the strategy of the extrusion process, a novel CPC was expected to be created.
Additionally, literature reviews indicated that the matching between the solubility parameter (SP) of CNT and the polymer matrix is propitious to achieve higher electrical conductivity in CNT/polymer composites [25]. According to some literatures, the SP of CNT is about 17.8 MPa1/2 [25], [26], [27], while the SP of PLA is approximately 18.5 MPa1/2 [28], [29]; their SP values are similar, which will result in continuous conductive pathways and good compatibility, leading to the achievement of a high electrical conductivity and good mechanical properties.
In view of the above, in this study, PLA was selected as the matrix polymer exemplarily, and CNT was employed as the conductive filler. The CNT/PLA conductive composites with various CNT concentrations (1–10 wt.%) were prepared by extrusion process. The relationship between the microstructures and the mechanical properties of the CNT/PLA nanocomposites were investigated for various CNT concentrations. Like most other aliphatic polyesters, PLA presents a slower crystallization rate and variations in crystal structure and crystallinity after the molding process [30], [31], as well as its orientation which strongly affects mechanical properties [32]. Therefore, the variations of crystallization of the PLA nanocomposites were also investigated by DSC and density method. These characterizations confirmed that the reinforcement of the mechanical and electrical properties of the nanocomposites have been achieved by a proper incorporation of CNTs using an easy extrusion process. It offers an alternative green and easy solution to produce conductive CNT/PLA nanocomposites as an environmentally friendly CPC.
Section snippets
Materials
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were vapor-grown carbon fibers and supplied by Shouwa Denko Company (VGCF-X, Tokyo, Japan). The CNTs were used without any purification process as the reinforced filler, having a diameter of 10–15 nm and an average length of 3 μm.
Polylactic acid (PLA) used in this study was purchased from Nature Works LLC (Ingeo 3001D, America). Its residual moisture content is less than 0.025% which was recommended to prevent viscosity degradation. The density is 1.24 g/cm3 (ASTM D792) and
Distribution and dispersion of the CNTs in PLA
As CNT concentrations in the PLA 1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% were selected to investigate the distribution and dispersion of CNTs in the PLA matrix. Comparison with the four composite specimens, the investigation of CNT distribution and dispersion via optical microscopy revealed great differences in the remaining agglomerate size and number, as shown in Fig. 1.
The three nanocomposites containing 1 wt.%, 3 wt.% and 5 wt.% CNT processed with the same screw profile, temperature profile, and
Conclusions
How processing conditions affect the distribution and dispersion of CNT in PLA matrix during the twin-screw extrusion process was demonstrated. Five different CNT/PLA extruded plates were produced under variation of CNT concentrations. The distribution and dispersion of CNTs in the PLA were observed by optical microscope, and found that the size of CNT agglomeration was increased by the increase of CNT concentration. Additionally, the crystallinity of the nanocomposites was investigated by DSC
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