Exergetic analysis of a double stage LiBr–H2O thermal compressor cooled by air/water and driven by low grade heat
Introduction
Cooling through absorption cycles has been traditionally considered one of the most desirable applications for residual and renewable energy sources. In the same way, the ability to use low grade heat, such as that obtained from fuel cells and residual heat from engines, is a strong reason for using absorption machines. Some fuel cells employ the mechanism where hydrogen is separated from methane, and then the hydrogen is ionized and reacts with oxygen, producing an electric current and water vapor. This water vapor, at a temperature of about 60–85 °C, can be used to feed a single effect absorption cooling cycle. Other facts, as independence from electric grids, reduction of CO2 emissions and use of natural refrigerants, contribute to increase the attractiveness of absorption refrigeration systems.
The interest in absorption refrigeration systems operated with low temperature heat has increased considerably in the last years [1], [2], [3], [4]. Lamp and Ziegler [5] reviewed the European efforts in this direction for solar air conditioning applications and highlighted the most outstanding ideas and experiences. They emphasize in their conclusions that remarkable advances are needed in absorption technology.
Alternatives for using low temperature heat sources imply necessarily the use of absorption systems able to work with low grade heat, i.e. with temperatures lower than 90 °C. To take advantage of this heat at high condensation temperatures, advanced multistage absorption cycles should be adopted. These cycles have lower COPs than standard ones but allow operation with generation and condensation temperatures within the indicated limits [6].
Some experimental and theoretical works related to the use of low temperature heat using double stage absorption systems include the works developed by Arzoz et al. [7], Venegas et al. [8], Medrano et al. [9], Schweigler et al. [10], Lamp et al. [11] and Ziegler and Riesch [12]. Recently, Sumathy et al. [2] reported the successful operation of a double stage absorption cycle for solar air conditioning employing LiBr–H2O as the working pair, feeding the generators with hot water at temperatures ranging from 60 to 75 °C. Also, in a recent paper of Kim and Machielsen [13], the authors conclude that single stage systems can yield higher average cooling efficiency than double stage systems only with a vacuum tube collector or its comparable types. Further, they recommend a low cost double stage chiller for use with flat plate collectors.
The final absorption temperature of air cooled systems is higher than that of similar water cooled ones. As result, the temperature of the heat source driving the absorption machine is higher, decreasing the contribution of the low temperature heat source. An entropic balance taking into account the entropy generation between internal fluids and between these and the external fluids is also useful. However, there is little bibliography on the irreversibilities generated, which can only be evaluated on the basis of the second law. Some works analyzing this problem include those developed by Izquierdo et al. [1], Adewusi and Zubair [14], Talbi and Agnew [15], Bisio [3], Meunier et al. [16] and Chua et al. [17].
As far as we know, exergetic analyses of double stage air cooled and water cooled LiBr–H2O cooling cycles integrated with low grade thermal systems are not available. In this paper, a double stage air/water cooled LiBr–H2O cycle fed by solar energy from commercially available flat plate collectors is investigated. Also, a low grade residual energy source can be used instead of the solar system. The entropy generated, the exergy destroyed and the exergetic efficiency as a function of the absorption temperature are calculated. The results are compared with those of previous studies [1] for single and double effect thermal compressors cooled by air and water.
Section snippets
Low grade thermal system coupled to the absorption cooling system
Fig. 1 shows schematically an example of the combined system studied. It consists of flat plate collectors heating water contained in the storage tank from which the two generators of the absorption machine are fed. The extraction of stored heat to feed the generators starts when the temperature of the water is high enough to be useful in the absorption cycle. The imposed threshold is that the tank temperature be 10 °C higher than the final generation temperature. This temperature is taken to
Entropy generated and exergy destroyed by the double stage thermal compressor
The physical exergetic balance applied to a fixed control volume is given by the following equation, according to Bejan et al. [18]:where Q is the heat transfer rate from or to the system, Wcv the mechanical power supplied by or to the system, ED the exergy destroyed because of the internal irreversibilities and e the physical component of the exergy transfer associated with the streams of matter. When the kinetic and potential energies are neglected, according to
Conclusions
A double stage LiBr–H2O absorption cycle evaporating at 5 °C and fed by low temperature heat coming from residual energy sources or flat plate solar collectors has been studied. The following conclusions have been extracted:
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For condensation temperatures up to 50 °C, the double stage LiBr–H2O absorption cycle may be operated with heat from flat plate solar collectors or residual sources without crystallization problems. About 80 °C of generation temperature are required in the double stage
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología of Spain for the financial support of this research through the project DPI-2002-02439.
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Unidad Asociada de Ingeniería Térmica y de Fluidos CSIC-UC3M.