Improving the dimensioning of piping networks and network layouts in low-energy district heating systems connected to low-energy buildings: A case study in Roskilde, Denmark
Highlights
► Simultaneity factor was used for defining heat load at each pipe segment separately. ► Proposed optimization method reduced significant heat loss from the network. ► Optimal pipe diameters were evaluated in Termis with generated heat demand scenarios. ► Network layouts were examined to prevent low supply temperature at summer months. ► The effect of substation type and booster pump on pipe dimensions were analysed.
Introduction
Efforts to reduce energy consumption in European buildings, together with intensified energy efficiency measures that are being undertaken, and the increasing exploitation of renewable energy sources for providing heat have led to the search for a more adequate conception and better network design of new-generation District Heating (DH) systems for low-energy buildings [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Both the integration of new low-energy buildings and the low-energy renovation of existing buildings increase the percentage of heat loss from the piping network of a traditional DH system. Heat loss from the network has a significant impact on the cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency of a DH system [7], [8], [9]. In one project in this area [10] it was found that a low-energy DH system operating at very low temperatures, 55 °C in the case of supply and 25 °C in the case of return, can satisfy the heating demand of consumers through adequate control of the substations [9], [11], [12], [13]. There are also studies [12], [14], [15] which have shown that existing indoor heating systems in already existing buildings can continue satisfying the heat demand at low supply temperatures since the existing indoor heating systems were formerly over-dimensioned in their design stage. In addition, certain heat loss can be avoided through operation at low temperatures [11], [16], providing savings in heat production as well [9], [14], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. The heat loss from a DH network is affected by the diameter of the pipes and the insulation material employed, as well as by the temperature of the supply and by the return heat carrier medium. Accordingly, special attention needs to be directed at the dimensions of the DH piping network so as to take advantage of DH in the best possible way [2], [5], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26]. Traditional methods of DH pipe dimensioning involve use of a size-searching algorithm in which the lowest pipe diameter possible is defined in accordance with the maximum velocity and/or with the maximum pressure gradient, so as to avoid the installation of an over-dimensioned and unnecessarily costly DH network [4], [16], [23], [27]. The risk of obtaining an over-dimensioned piping network can be prevented by optimal design of the DH network [28], [29].
It is not expected that each consumer will consume heat at a full demand level or at exactly the same time. This is the basic idea behind the use of simultaneity factor [30]. Special attention was thus directed at determining the heat load in each pipe segment, consideration being given to the consumer load to which each pipe segment is subjected. Three methods for the dimensioning of piping networks, two of them based on use of maximum pressure gradient criteria [31] and the other on optimization [11], [28], [29], [32], [33], were investigated, their being compared in terms of heat loss from the DH network. Also, DH networks connected to two different substations each containing a buffer tank or a heat exchanger, used for domestic hot water (DHW) production were investigated. In addition, further opportunities for reducing the dimensions involved were studied by installing additional booster pumps in the DH network together with the substations containing heat exchangers for DHW production. The reliability of the DH network with optimal pipe dimensions was evaluated by use of the hydraulic and thermal simulation software Termis, in which peak winter scenarios representing different heat consumption profiles of consumers were compared, these being based on the degree of simultaneity of the heat demands of the different consumers [34]. Supply temperature in the DH network is lowered, in particular through the heat consumption being reduced when there is no need for space heating (SH) and through consumers being absent during holidays and vacation periods. Two types of network layouts were investigated – branched networks with bypasses at leaf nodes and looped networks without bypasses – with the aim of determining how best to prevent marked drops in the supply temperature and at the same time keep heat loss from the DH network at a minimum. The heat consumption profiles of consumers have been found to affect the operation of DH networks [11], [36]. Accordingly, different DH network layouts were investigated in terms of energy performance under conditions of low heat demand in the summer, on the basis of time series simulations involving use of the Termis software and of different scenarios.
The objective of this study is to design low-energy DH networks operating in low temperature of 55 °C as supply and 25 °C as return for a new settlement, in which low-energy houses are planned to be built, with focus given on network dimensioning method, substation type, and network layout.
Section snippets
Description of the site
A case study was carried out concerned with a suburban area of Trekroner in the municipality of Roskilde in Denmark, in which extensive building construction is planned (Fig. 1), the DH system there supplying heat to 165 low-energy houses. The piping network is to have a total length of about 1.2 km in the layout of the branched type and 1.4 km in the layout of the looped type, the length of the end-user connections not being figured in here. Future network extension was assumed to not be
Results and discussion
The pipe-node list for the Trekroner DH network model is shown in Table 2, together with the length of each pipe segment.
Summary
The paper has presented a new method for designing low-energy district heating systems, pipe dimensioning methods, network layout and types of substations being taken up in particular. It was shown that a considerable reduction in heat load in such systems can be achieved through taking account of simultaneity factor in planning of each pipe segment. An optimization method aimed at reducing heat loss in a DH network, also when pressure changes in the various routes through the system are at a
Conclusions
A number of general conclusions not yet taken up can be drawn. One is that a district heating system should always be designed in accordance with what works best within the district itself. Another conclusion is that it is highly important to take into consideration, for each pipe segment separately, the degree of simultaneity of the heat consumers involved. In addition, it appears that significant savings can be achieved by use of the proposed optimization method, which makes use of the
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