Elsevier

Energy Policy

Volume 68, May 2014, Pages 80-91
Energy Policy

The implementation of decentralised biogas plants in Assam, NE India: The impact and effectiveness of the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.048Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Highlights

  • In India, biogas policy is supply-driven and based on technology implementation.

  • NBMMP policy needs revision to engage with market forces to drive down costs and improve services and delivery.

  • Community empowerment, awareness, training and education, particularly of women, plays a critical role in accelerating the deployment of biogas technology.

Abstract

The Indian Government's National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) seeks to deliver renewable energy services to households across the country by facilitating the deployment of family-sized (<6 m3) anaerobic (biogas) digesters. NBMMP policy is implemented at three levels, from government and state nodal agency, via private contractors to households, creating multiple institutional arrangements. We analysed the scheme in Assam, north-east India, focusing on how policy was implemented across two districts and interviewing stakeholders in rural households, state and non-state institutions. The top-down, supply-side approach to policy enables government to set targets and require individual states to deploy the scheme, which benefits households who can afford to participate. NBMMP delivered improved energy service outcomes to a majority of households, although the level of knowledge and understanding of the technology amongst users was limited. Training and education of householders, and particularly women, is needed in relation to the maintenance of digesters, feedstock suitability and the environmental and potential livelihood benefits of digestate. A revised bottom-up approach to policy, which highlights the contextual and demand-side issues around adopting the technology, may deliver monetary benefits from market competition and enable development of community-focused microfinance schemes to improve the affordability of biogas systems.

Keywords

Energy policy
India
Biogas

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