Antioxidant properties of cold-pressed black caraway, carrot, cranberry, and hemp seed oils
Introduction
The pathology of numerous chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease, involves oxidative damage to cellular components. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), capable of causing damage to DNA, have been associated with carcinogenesis, coronary heart disease, and many other health problems related to advancing age (Cadenas and Davies, 2000, Marnett, 2000, Uchida, 2000). Minimizing oxidative damage may well be one of the most important approaches to the primary prevention of these aging-associated diseases and health problems, since antioxidants terminate direct ROS attacks and radical-mediated oxidative reactions, and appear to be of primary importance in the prevention of these diseases and health problems. Antioxidants have been detected in a number of food and agricultural products, including cereal grains, vegetables, fruits, and oil seeds (Burits and Bucar, 2000, Kalt et al., 1999, Yu et al., 2002a, Yu et al., 2002d). Recently, cold-pressed edible seed oils, including black caraway, carrot, hemp, and cranberry seed oils, have become commercially available. Cold-pressed seed oils may retain more natural beneficial components of the seeds, including natural antioxidants, and are free of chemical contamination. The cold-pressing procedure, involves neither heat nor chemical treatments, and is becoming a more interesting substitute for conventional practices because of consumers’ desire for natural and safe food products.
Cold-pressed black caraway, carrot, hemp, cranberry, and black raspberry seed oils have been investigated for their fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and colour characteristics (Parker et al., 2003, Parry and Yu, 2004). α-Linolenic acid accounts for 35%, 22.3% and 19.3% of total fatty acids in the cold-pressed black raspberry, cranberry, and hemp seed oils, respectively, whereas the cold-pressed carrot seed oil contains about 80% oleic acid and is low in total saturated fatty acids (Parker et al., 2003, Parry and Yu, 2004). These facts show the potential health benefits from consuming cold-pressed edible seed oils. Fifty percent acetone extracts of the black raspberry oils exhibit radical-scavenging activities against stable DPPH and cation radical ABTS+, and contain 35–93 ppm total phenolic components on a weight basis (Parry & Yu, 2004). In addition, the cold-pressed black caraway seed oil shows excellent oxidative stability compared to commercial soybean and corn oils, suggesting the possible presence of natural antioxidants in the cold-pressed seed oils (Parker et al., 2003). Antioxidants are well recognized for their potential in health promotion and prevention of aging-related diseases, including cancer and heart disease (Yu et al., 2002a). Novel dietary sources of natural antioxidants are desired by consumers and food manufacturers to benefit human health through improving nutrition. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant properties of cold-pressed black caraway, cranberry, carrot, and hemp seed oils to determine their potential application in health promotion and disease prevention against radical mediated oxidative damages.
Section snippets
Materials
Cold-pressed, ‘extra virgin’, unrefined black caraway, cranberry, carrot, and hemp seed oils were provided by Badger Oil Company (Spooner, WI). Fluorescein (FL), 2,2′-bipyridyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′-bipyridyl, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), while 2,2′-azobis (2-amino-propane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was obtained from Wako Chemicals
General
Food rich in bioactive factors has become an important approach for more consumers, to achieve their desires to reduce the risk of a specific disease or a health problem, and to treat minor illnesses (Sloan, 2000). Development and characterization of the bioactive factors in novel food and agricultural products are required to provide scientific evidence for improving quality and nutritional value of the human diet. These are also important for improved utilization of food and agricultural
Conclusion
Cold-pressed black caraway, cranberry, hemp and carrot seed oils contain significant levels of antioxidants and may serve as dietary sources of natural antioxidants for disease prevention and health promotion. The cold-pressed black caraway seed oil may also be used as natural antioxidative additive to improve the quality, stability and safety of food products, including edible oil blends. In addition to phenolic compounds, other chemicals retained during the cold-pressing procedure may
Acknowledgements
The Badger Oil Company (Spooner, WI) kindly donated the cold-pressed black caraway seed oil for this study. The authors thank Mr. Dwayne Adams for his technical assistance.
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