Palmprint based recognition system using phase-difference information
Research highlights
► An efficient palmprint based human recognition system is proposed. ► A proposed technique is based using local phase-difference features of palmprints. ► The system is tested for performance on three different datasets of hand images. ► The system is also evaluated for noisy and bad palmprint images. ► The proposed system achieves a very high Recognition Rate and low Equal Error Rate.
Introduction
Biometric based recognition systems have wide applications in the field of personal identification/verification. Fingerprint based systems are most widely used while iris based systems are considered to be most reliable [1]. The palmprint is the region between the wrist and fingers. It has features such as texture, wrinkles, principle lines, ridges and minutiae points that can be used for its representation [2]. Like other biometric traits, palmprints also satisfy the critical properties of biometric characteristics such as universality, uniqueness, permanence and collectability [3]. Moreover, the use of palmprints over other biometric technologies has several advantages. It provides relatively stable and unique features. Collection of data is easy and non-intrusive. Co-operation required from the subject to collect data is low. It uses a low cost device and provides high efficiency using low resolution images. Palmprint based systems have high user acceptability [3].
Recently palmprint based recognition systems have received wide attention from researchers and efforts have been made to build a palmprint based system based on structural features of palmprints such as principle lines, wrinkles, datum points, minutiae points, ridges and crease points. Sobel and morphological operations have been used in [4] to extract line-like features from palmprints. In [5], isolated points along the principle lines are used as features. A system based on ridges of the palmprint eliminating creases has been proposed in [6]. End points of principle lines have been used as features in [7]. These points are found to be location and directional invariant. In [8], a palmprint based system has been proposed which uses crease points that are related to diseases of a person. In [9], directional line energy features which are characterised with the help of crease points are considered for identification through palmprints. Features such as ridges and minutiae are used for matching latent palmprint images in [10]. But the technique to extract features and to match features is found to be computationally expensive compared to fingerprints as its region is larger than a fingerprint. Further, most of the these systems are based on structural features and are not invariant to occlusion of the palmprint image.
Systems based on statistical features of palmprints include Principle Component Analysis (PCA) [11], Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) [12], Independent Component Analysis (ICA) [13], Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) [14], Fourier Transforms [15], Stockwell Transform [16], Moments [17], [18], Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) [19], [20], [21], Speeded-up Robust Features (SURF) [22], Gabor filter [23], [24], [25], Fusion code [26], Competitive code (Comp-code) [27], Ordinal code [21] and Wavelets [28], [29], [30]. There are systems [31], [32], [33] which have applied kernel PCA, LDA, ICA, PCA along with wavelets, DCT, FFT and Gabor filters. In [34], the statistical signatures like the center of gravity, density, spatial dispersivity and energy of the wavelet transformed image are considered as features. In [30], standard deviation of the small square region is used as a feature while mean and standard deviation of the small circular region is treated as features in [35] after transforming using a Gabor filter. In [36], a histogram pattern of a local binary image has been used as a palmprint feature. Global energy, global texture, local texture and fuzzy interest lines of the palmprint are considered as features in [37]. An identification system has been proposed in [17] which uses Hu invariant moments as features on an Otsu binarised palmprint image. A recognition system fusing the phase and orientation information has been proposed in [25]. A modified finite Radon transform has been given in [38], [39] to extract features of palmprints and matching is performed with an enlarged enrolled data set and pixel to area matching. A recognition system fusing the phase and orientation information has been proposed in [25]. In [40], [41], [42], a phase based image matching is proposed to achieve good results for verification. But these systems require to store the entire dataset along with features. Apart from a dramatic increase in storage requirements, two dimensional operations are found to be computationally more intensive and slow down the verification/identification process. Further, there also exist multimodal systems fusing features of palmprint with those of other traits like fingerprints [43], [44], palm veins [45], hand geometry [46], [47], face [14], [48], and iris [49] to improve the accuracy of the system. However, all the well-known identification/verification systems have been tested on noise-free and non-occluded palmprint images. Further, all these systems can identify the subject with his/her complete palmprint. If the subject is not able to expose the palmprint to the scanner completely due to medical injuries or being physically challenged, the systems fail to perform at their best.
This paper proposes an efficient palmprint based recognition system using phase difference information. The whole palmprint image is divided into some overlapping square blocks. The phase-difference of the vertical and horizontal phases of each of the square blocks is binarised using zero crossing to generate binary features. The nearest-neighbour approach is used for identification with the Hamming distance to measure the amount of similarity. The proposed system is tested on various datasets like IITK, CASIA and PolyU datasets.
The rest of the paper is organised as follows. Section 2 describes the phase which is used to extract palmprint features. Also it discusses a method of reconstructing the image using PCA. Section 3 proposes a system to extract features from the extracted palmprint obtained from the hand image. Two matching strategies have been proposed in Section 4. Performance of the proposed system is evaluated and results are analysed in Section 5. Conclusions are presented in the last section.
Section snippets
Background
This paper partitions the extracted palmprint into several overlapping blocks and makes use of the technique of image reconstruction using PCA to classify these blocks as good or bad. Features from each good block are extracted with the help of phase information of the block. This section describes the method of phase information which can be used for feature extraction and the PCA based image reconstruction technique.
System description
This section presents an efficient biometric system for recognition using phase-difference of a local region as features of a palmprint. The system acquires the hand image using a flat bed scanner at 200 dpi spatial resolution and 256 gray levels. The device is free of pegs. The region of interest or palmprint is extracted from the hand image. Stable valley points which are between the ring finger and the little finger, and between the index finger and the middle finger are used to extract the
Matching
The binary features extracted from the blocks of each palmprint are used for matching. There is a possibility of having some non-palmprint blocks in a live palmprint. While matching, these blocks are not considered. The PCA reconstruction method has been used for determining whether a block contains a palmprint or a non-palmprint image. A block containing a palmprint image is termed as a good block while that with non-palmprint image is considered as a bad block. Schematic diagram for the
Datasets
The proposed system has been tested on three different datasets of hand images. These datasets which are obtained from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) and Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Automation (CASIA) form a diverse representation of palmprints in terms of regions (ethnicity), device used to capture the images, resolution, lightning conditions and constraints (with or without pegs) used for placing the hand. This makes the
Conclusion
This paper has proposed an efficient palmprint based recognition system. The palmprint extracted from the acquired hand image is enhanced to correct the variation of brightness and to improve the texture of the palmprint using a coarse estimate of reflection and histogram equalization. The enhanced palmprint is divided into overlapping square blocks. The phase variations of all blocks are considered as features of the palmprint for its representation. The square blocks of the live palmprint are
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper.
G.S. Badrinath received B.E. Degree in Computer Science and Engg. from Visveswaraiah Technological University, India, in 2003 and M.E. Degree in Information Technology and Engg. from Bangalore University, India, in 2005. He is currently a Ph.D. student in the Dept. of Computer Science and Engg. at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. His research interest includes biometrics, pattern recognition, computer vision and networks.
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G.S. Badrinath received B.E. Degree in Computer Science and Engg. from Visveswaraiah Technological University, India, in 2003 and M.E. Degree in Information Technology and Engg. from Bangalore University, India, in 2005. He is currently a Ph.D. student in the Dept. of Computer Science and Engg. at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. His research interest includes biometrics, pattern recognition, computer vision and networks.
Phalguni Gupta received the Doctoral degree from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 1986. Currently he is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK), Kanpur, India. He works in the field of biometrics, data structures, sequential algorithms, parallel algorithms, on-line algorithms. He is an author of 2 books and 10 book chapters. He has published more than 200 papers in International Journals and International Conferences. He is responsible for several research projects in the area of Biometric Systems, Image Processing, Graph Theory and Network Flow. Prior to joining IITK in 1987, he worked in Space Applications Centre Ahmedabad, Indian Space Research Organization, India.