Green chemistry based in-situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles for multifunctional finishing of chitosan polysaccharide modified cellulosic textile substrate

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.202Get rights and content

Abstract

Herein, a highly efficient multifunctional cotton fabric was developed based on a greener approach involving one step in-situ generation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto chitosan coated cotton (CS-cotton) by employing peanut waste shell extract (PSE) as an eco-friendly reducing agent. Major characteristics of the so prepared in-situ AgNPs@ chitosan-cotton viz size distribution of the particles, surface morphology, binding interaction were analysed by TEM-DLS, SEM, EDX-mapping, and FT-IR techniques. Colour spectrometry was used to measure colour parameters in terms of CIELa*b* values in order to realize the dyeing properties of silver nanoparticles onto chitosan coated cotton. The AgNPs deposited finished cotton samples were evaluated for antioxidant activity using 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay, and antimicrobial tests were carried out using colony counting method against E. coli and S. aureus pathogens. Based on the obtained data, it was concluded that in-situ synthesis of AgNPs using peanut shell extract biomolecules produce cellulosic fabric with beautiful pale to deep yellowish hues, good antioxidant and excellent antibacterial properties. The tentative mechanism of AgNPs formation onto chitosan coated cotton was also reported.

Introduction

Cotton is a natural fibre containing 99% cellulose is spun into yarn to make breathable textiles for use in various application areas such as sportswear, medical garments, underwear napkins, military uniforms, protective and smart textiles [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Recently, there has been tremendous research interest to functionalize cotton with the aim to produce fabrics with diverse practical performance [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. Despite many endless applications, it is noteworthy to mention that cotton provides suitable conditions such as moisture, appropriate temperature, and nutrients required for the growth and propagation of both pathogenic and odour causing microorganisms [12], [13]. Consequently, in efforts to avoid the cross infections and transmission of diseases, special finishing of cotton using different antimicrobial agents such as quaternary salts, halamines, polyhexamethylene biguanide, polyethene glycol, triclosan, peroxyacids, chitosan, synthetic and natural dyes has been well documented in literature [14], [15], [16], [17]. A matter of great concern, however, is that most of the conventional agents show microbial drug resistance, less effectiveness and safety issue at use [14], [18], [19], [20]. This has renewed a great interest towards exploring advanced, novel, green and sustainable finishing agents as alternatives.

Lately, the discovery of antimicrobial inorganic nanomaterial and their use in textile sector has dramatically increased the market for medical and healthcare textiles [21], [22], [23], [24]. Among the inorganic nanoparticles, silver has attracted wide interest due to its unique optical, electronic and promising biological properties [25], [26], [27], [28]. Because of their interesting surface plasmon resonance property, silver nanoparticles have also successfully demonstrated the potential to act as novel and new generation colorants for silk, wool and cotton fabrics [29]. Various ex-situ and in-situ strategies have been developed by textile and polymer scientists to synthesize and apply silver nanoparticles for textile treatments [30], [31]. Numerous synthetic methods including both physical and chemical such as wet, sol gel, sono-chemical, metallic wire explosion, photo reduction, micro-emulsion and biological have been explored in recent past [32], [33]. Among these, biological method based on plant biomolecule-mediated synthesis is an ecological and viable approach for the in-situ fabrication of silver nanoparticles onto textile surfaces [34], [35]. Over the years, different plant compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinonoid, and chalcones are explored as potential candidates to be used as renewable reducing and stabilizing agents for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with several beneficial properties for textiles [36], [37], [38].

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focussed to produce colourful, antioxidant and antibacterial properties on chitosan modified cellulosic fabrics via a facile, rapid and green in-situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles in the presence of peanut waste shell extract biomolecules. Peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea) from family fabaceae is a well-known legume crop grown worldwide mainly for its edible seeds (Fig. 1) [39]. Several million thousand tons of peanut shells are generated as by-products each year with little value [40]. Previous research reports suggest that peanut waste shell is a rich source of phytochemicals mainly flavonoids compounds such as dihydroxychromone, eriodictyol, trihydroxyflavanone, and luteolin which are linked to its several biological activities [41]. The luteolin component of peanut shell extract has a suitable dihydoxy functional site in ring B which can show free radical scavenging and electron donating property [35]. To add value to this agricultural by-product, peanut shell extract was exploited in this study to reduce Ag+ to Ago onto cellulosic chains and subsequently stabilize them. The possible mechanism of silver synthesis in alkaline medium using luteolin is proposed in Fig. 2 [42], [43]. The luteolin transforms to quinone structure after two-electron oxidations thereby facilitating the silver nano synthesis [44]. During the course of reaction, in-situ generated silver nanoparticles interact with hydroxyl functional sites of CS-cotton, via electrostatic interactions and finally get deposited onto the cotton surface.

Recently, special emphasis has been given to modify textile surfaces prior to natural dyeing or nano finishing with the aim to impart multiple performance characteristics simultaneously in one step [22], [45], [46]. Among various pre-treatments, the use of chitosan polysaccharide in the dyeing industry and mainly in nano finishing is emerging to produce special medical and healthcare textiles. The reactive chemical structure, non-toxicity, biocompatibility and relevant biological properties make chitosan a potential candidate in various bioapplications including wound healing, medical and protective textiles [14], [47], [48], [49]. Therefore, in this study, chitosan was applied on cotton surface using pad-dry cure method to study its effect on in-situ silver nano synthesis and multifunctional properties of cotton. The CS-cotton fabrics treated with AgNPs were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques including TEM, DLS, FTIR, SEM-EDX and mapping. Moreover, the effect of peanut shell extract and precursor AgNO3 concentrations on dyeing and colorimetric properties was studied by reflectance spectroscopy. In addition, the antioxidant potential using 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay and antibacterial efficiency against E. coli and S. aureus of the treated fabrics, were examined and reported.

Section snippets

Materials

Plain woven cotton fabric (mass per unit area of 150 g/m2, 124 ends per inch, and 64 dips per inch was kindly supplied by Vardhman fabrics, Budhani, India. Low molecular weight chitosan was procured from Sigma Aldrich. Silver nitrate used as a precursor to generate AgNPs was purchased from Merck. 0.1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide was as used to adjust pH. All other chemicals were of analytical grade. Waste biomaterial peanut shells (for reduction and stabilization) were obtained from a local

Mechanism of Ag synthesis on cellulose chains

The alkaline conditions (pH-10) were ideal for the formation of AgNPs, as indicated by visual colour change as well as UV–vis spectroscopic data (Fig. 3a–c).

According to literature, in alkaline conditions, takes place deprotonation of hydroxyl or conversation of phenolic groups to negatively charged phenolate anions, which create more favourable conditions to facilitate electron transfer responsible for silver reduction [52], [53]. Similar observations have been made by several researchers

Conclusion

This study successfully demonstrated a synergistic combination of peanut waste shell extract and Ag nanoparticles to produce colourful, antioxidant and antimicrobial CS coated cellulosic fabric. Peanut shell extract served as a source of promising reducing and stabilizing agents to fabricate spherical silver nanoparticles onto CS-cotton fabric during the finishing process. All the results of UV–vis, TEM-DLS, SEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques confirmed the formation and existence AgNPs on the

Acknowledgment

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi is acknowledged for providing fellowship to Shahid-ul-Islam (CSIR-RA fellow: No. 09/086 (1364)/2019).

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