Detailed influences of chemical effects of hydrogen as fuel additive on methane flame
Introduction
With the increasing concern of energy saving and emission reduction, many small hydrocarbons have been used widely as potentially important replacements for conventional fossil fuel. Methane, as the main composition of natural gas, has received lots of research interest, since it is regarded as one of the most promising alternative and cleanest fuels in combustion [1]. Due to its unique tetrahedral molecular structure with large C–H bond energies, methane has a high ignition temperature, low flame propagation velocity and low reactivity, which lead to narrow flammability limits [2]. Several basic combustion chemistry researches of methane have been carried out [3], [4], [5], [6]. Dounit et al. [3] validated the natural gas combustion in a fluidized-bed reactor via modeling and experiment, and they found that initial conditions, e.g. the dense bed temperature, the fluidizing velocity and the mean particle diameter had a remarkable effect on combustion. Matynia et al. [4] used laser-induced fluorescence to measure OH mole fraction profiles in high-pressure premixed counterflow CH4/air and CH4/CO2/air laminar flames and compared the measurements with simulations using three different kinetic mechanisms. Xie et al. [5] experimentally and numerically investigated the effects of high CO2 dilution on characteristics including combustion chemical reaction, flame instability and flame radiation of laminar CH4/CO2/O2 flames. Sadeghi et al. [6] conducted a study on the effects of equivalence ratios, inlet mixture velocity and dilution on premixed methane-oxygen flame dynamics in a meso scale reactor.
Hydrogen is also extensively investigated as a clean fuel or fuel additive, because hydrogen combustion ideally does not generate any pollutant emissions other than oxides of nitrogen. Moreover, hydrogen exhibits some unique combustion characteristics such as low ignition energy (only 6 percent of methane), high flame speed, wide flammability limits which is 2 times to that of methane [2], and high reactivity etc. Therefore, one of effective ways to improve the combustion characteristics of methane is to add hydrogen to methane, which can efficiently promote methane combustion [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]. Fotache et al. [10] conducted an investigation on the effects of hydrogen addition on ignition of nonpremixed, counterflowing jets of methane vs heated air experimentally and computationally. They found hydrogen addition could improve methane ignition significantly and identified three ignition regimes of methane-hydrogen blended fuel. Dai et al. [11] carried out a numerical study on premixed and non-premixed ignition of CH4/H2 and CH4/DME binary fuel blends and respectively discussed the kinetic and transport effects on CH4 ignition enhancement caused by H2 and DME addition with special attention. Chen et al. [12] developed a model for the premixed laminar flame speed of binary fuel blends and applied it to CH4/H2 mixtures at different initial conditions. Some numerical studies of atmospheric pressure methane-hydrogen-air flames have been conducted in recent years [13], [14], [15], [16]. Wang et al. [13] numerically studied the effects of hydrogen addition on methane-air flames. They carried out the rate of production analysis and analyzed the effects of hydrogen additive on the dominant reactions of specific species. Hu et al. [14] experimentally detect the burning velocity of laminar premixed CH4/H2/Air flame and compared with numerical model at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Yan et al. [15] used a two-dimensional model to simulate hydrogen assisted catalytic micro-combustion of CH4/H2/Air, and found that hydrogen could lower the methane ignition temperature and shorten ignition time. Li et al. [16] investigated the kinetic effects of hydrogen additive on the thermal characteristics of hydrogen-rich methane-air premixed flames via analysis of the heat release rate and governing reactions.
When methane is substituted by hydrogen, the methane mole fraction decreases, meanwhile, the features of combustion could be consequently changed including mole fractions of major species and specific intermediate species etc. However, we don't know what really influences these changes, either because of the dilution and thermal effects of H2, or due to the chemical reactions of H2. Moreover, it is not clear how different effects (dilution, thermal and chemical effects) of hydrogen addition influence the formations and consumptions of important species including some soot precursors and oxygenated air pollutants in methane flames.
To our best knowledge, there is little work on distinguishing the detailed effects of reactive additive H2 and then analyzing different effects of H2 addition on the formations and consumptions of important species including some soot precursors and oxygenated air pollutants in the CH4/H2 blended fuels flames. Therefore, in the present study, detailed chemical effects of H2 addition on methane flames are comprehensively discussed via kinetic analysis to complement the inadequate available work for CH4/H2/Air blended fuels flames.
Section snippets
Kinetic modeling and analysis method
The detailed chemical reaction mechanism for CH4 oxidation and combustion used here is GRI-Mech 3.0, an optimized mechanism designed to model natural gas combustion, including NO formation and reburn chemistry [17]. The mechanism consists of 53 species and 325 reactions. The accuracy of the mechanism has been proved by numerous works and studies [4], [13], [14], [16], [18], [19], [20], [21]. What's more, the detailed H2 combustion mechanism was included in this mechanism. Model predictions for
Results and discussion
The mole fraction profiles and rate of production of flame components are calculated for the series of 9 flames. Only the profiles that are thought to be most relevant to fuel consumption and important pollutant formations are discussed. Furthermore, the rate of production analysis for reactant CH4 and some essential intermediate species including formaldehyde (CH2O), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), methanol (CH3OH), acetylene (C2H2) and ketene (CH2CO) are depicted. Meanwhile, the variation of NO
Conclusion
This work provides a detailed kinetic analysis of chemical effects of hydrogen addition on laminar premixed stoichiometric methane-air flames at atmospheric pressure. The chemical effects of hydrogen additive on major species, free radicals and important intermediate species can be distinguished obviously from the dilution and thermal effects. The main conclusions are listed as follows.
- (a)
The chemical effects of hydrogen addition promote the oxidation and combustion of methane and shift the
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51306091), the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (BK20140034, BK20130758), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (30920140111005), and the Jiangsu Provincial Project of “Six Talent Summit” (2014-XNY-002).
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