Invited Review Paper
Emerging TechnologiesBasic research and 12 years of clinical experience in computer-assisted navigation technology: a review
Emerging Technologies
Section snippets
Imaging systems
The basic principle for application of augmented reality and computer-aided navigation in craniomaxillofacial surgery is the visualization of two- and three-dimensional views of the surgical site superposed on the real image of interest. In most cases computertomographic images are used (CT), but conventional X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or fusion of CT and MRT images are also available for special indications.
The two- and three-dimensional images of the real anatomical situation
Results
Group I (positioning of dental implants) included 72 patients (395 implants), group II (arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint and intraoperative optoelectronic axiographies) 26 patients, group III (osteotomies and distractions) 33 patients, group IV (removal of foreign bodies, image guided biopsies, punctures of the trigeminal ganglion) 19 patients and group V (other procedures) 8 patients. A chronological synopsis is given in Table 1 and Fig. 7, Fig. 8.
Groups I–IV (after thorough
Discussion
Basic research and routine clinical application of computer-aided navigation technology conducted over the past 10 years have proved that the application of this technology offers essential improvement in outcome and intraoperative safety in a wide range of craniomaxillofacial procedures. The 158 procedures discussed in this paper were performed with varying system-configurations within the groups due to ongoing technological progress. Each developmental step was tested before clinical
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Austrian Science Foundation FWF (Grant P-12489 Med).
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