Colon-specific delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid from chitosan-Ca-alginate microparticles
Introduction
5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is an anti-inflammatory drug commonly used in the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which may provide protection against the development of colorectal cancer in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) (Bernstein et al., 2002, Kuang et al., 2002). It appears that many of the effects of 5-ASA can be explained by inhibition of activation of nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), which is a central transcription regulatory factor involved in mediating the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory processes (Bantel et al., 2000, MacDermott and Richard, 2000, D’Acquisto et al., 2002). 5-ASA was demonstrated to inhibit TNF-α stimulated NF-κB activation, NF-κB nuclear translocation and degradation of inhibitory κBα (Kaiser et al., 1999, Verziji and van Bodegraven, 2003).
Activated NF-κB has been detected in macrophages and epithelial cells of colonic biopsies from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients (Rogler et al., 1998, Schreiber et al., 1998, Schreiber, 1999, Wahl et al., 1998). In this respect, efficacy of 5-ASA correlates with tissue delivery and therefore factors, such as intestinal metabolism and elimination that affect tissue delivery may be important in determining its efficacy (Zhou et al., 1999a). 5-ASA is rapidly absorbed from the small intestine and there is a little localization of 5-ASA in the colon relative to the small intestine (Zhou et al., 1999b). Oral administration is limited also due to the serious adverse effects, such as hepatitis, blood dyscrasias, pancreatitis, pleuropericarditis and interstitial nephritis associated with 5-ASA therapy (Loftus et al., 2004).
Three methods have been widely used for targeting of 5-ASA to the colon: a pro-drug concept, enteric coating and/or prolonged release of the drug through semipermeable membrane (Prakash and Markharm, 1999, Clemett and Markham, 2000, Loftus et al., 2004). Controlled release preparations are specifically designed to minimize systemic absorption and to achieve optimum delivery of the biologically active 5-ASA moiety to the distal small intestine and the colon. Thus, relatively high concentrations of free 5-ASA can be achieved in the intestinal lumen without producing systemic exposure and subsequent toxicity. This type of target tissue selectivity is a desirable feature for chemopreventive agents and is a significant advantage when considering drug delivery methods to the mucosal surface of the gut.
For these requirements, we have designed a new microparticulate system consisting of chitosan-Ca-alginate matrix in which 5-ASA was dispersed. The use of chitosan provides great promise due to its mucoadhesive properties and non-solubility at pH values higher than 6.5 that prevail in the jejunum and the ileum of the gut (Wittaya-areekul et al., 2006, George and Abraham, 2006). Thus, chitosan-alginate complex erodes slowly in phosphate buffer at pH values higher than 6.5 and this behaviour leads to suppression of the initial drug release in the upper segments of GIT occurring for uncoated microparticles and controls release in the colon whereas pH value is in the range of 6.5–7.0 (Tapia et al., 2004). In addition, chitosan is degraded by the microflora that is available in the colon (Shin-ya et al., 2001, Sardar et al., 2003).
In the case of IBD, an enhanced uptake of administered particles by neutrophils, natural killer cells, mast cells, and regulatory T cells in the inflamed tissue were observed (Lamprecht et al., 2001a, Lamprecht et al., 2001b). This resulted in accumulation of the carrier system in inflamed area. From this point of view, it is advantageous to administer particles that tend to be attached to the mucus layer. Negatively charged particles may adhere more readily to the inflamed tissue because it has been reported that ulcerated tissues contain high concentrations of positively charged proteins that increase the affinity to the negatively charged substances. This was also confirmed by the study of Bernkop-Schnurch et al. (2001), in which anionic alginate showed more potent mucoadhesion in comparison with the cationic chitosan. Thus, an optimal particle size and polymers distribution for the design of a chitosan-alginate particulate carrier system must be chosen in order to prepare microparticles with high drug content and anti-inflammatory effect. Knowledge of the release profile and biodistribution of 5-ASA is essential to achieve optimal targeting when considering variables that determine release such as intraluminal pH and disease activity, which differ largely in patients with chronic IBD.
Considering above-mentioned, 5-ASA loaded chitosan-Ca-alginate microparticles were prepared using spray-drying method associated by ionotropic gelation/polyelectrolyte complexation. Physicochemical characterization, including microparticle size, morphology, polymers distribution, zeta potential, drug loading and drug–polymers interaction was performed as a function of the preparation procedure. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the polymers type on drug release and potential of the microparticles for colon delivery of 5-ASA. For this requirements, dissolution profile in vitro and biodistribution of 5-ASA contained in this new microparticulate system was studied after peroral administration to rats in which colonic inflammation was induced.
Section snippets
Materials
Three types of sodium alginate (LF 10/60, fG 65–75%, viscosity 20–70 mPa s for 1% (w/v) solution; LF 120 M, fG 35–45%; viscosity 70–150 mPa s for 1% (w/v) solution, LF 10/60LS, fG 35–45%; viscosity 20–70 mPa s for 1% (w/v) solution) were purchased from Protanal FMC BioPolymers (Norway). Two types of chitosan with a same deacetylation degree ≥85% (low viscosity 342, viscosity of 1% (w/w) solution in acetic acid 20–100 mPa s, Mw 150 kDa, , 44 ± 5 nm and high viscosity 222, viscosity of 1% (w/w)
Physicochemical characterization of microparticles
Negatively charged particles from −21.5 ± 1.0 to −30.7 ± 1.8 mV were prepared, with size from 6.2 ± 2.2 to 8.6 + 3.2 μm and calcium content from 3.6 ± 0.2% to 3.9 ± 0.5%. It must be emphasized that the zeta potential of the particles was determined in a diluted phosphate buffer (0.0001 M) with pH 6.8 in order to simulate in vivo conditions. Most of the studies carried out in patients with IBD confirmed that colon pH was not changed (Ewe et al., 1999, He et al., 1999).
Real drug content ranged from 7.89 ± 0.81%
Conclusion
In conclusion, new chitosan-Ca-alginate microparticulated drug delivery system for colon-specific delivery and controlled release of 5-ASA after peroral administration was prepared using spray-drying method followed by ionotropic gelation/polyelectrolyte complexation. Negatively charged particles were obtained with size less than 9 μm. Acceptable spherical morphology was observed, but also flattened disk-shaped particles with smooth surface and low porosity. Chitosan was localized dominantly in
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from NATO SfP Program; Project No 978023 titled “Influence of biopolymer interactions on the drug delivery from chitosan-alginate colloidal carrier systems”. Authors wish to acknowledge Mr. R. Filmon (SCIAM, Angers, France) for his technical assistance in CLSM and SEM imaging.
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