Power to the patients: The HealthNetsocial network
Introduction
The health status is one of the aspects which mainly affects the quality of a person’s life [26]. When needed, finding a physician able to properly diagnose and treat a medical condition is a very tricky phase, and family or friends usually represent the very first source of information for seeking the right doctor or health facility. E-health, defined as the healthcare practice supported by the electronic process and communication [13], is revolutionizing this scenario and the landscape of clinical practice. A recent survey demonstrated that 72% of U.S. Internet users looked online for health information within the past years.1 Similarly, in Italy, 84% of young people between 18 and 35 uses the Web as a source of health information.2 This new phenomenon can be viewed as the evolution of the process that a patient plays out in order to find a solution to her conditions, i.e. to ask the family or friends who had the same problem how they treated it. Indeed, in the same aforementioned survey, 60% of U.S. adults got information or support from friends and family when they have a health problem and 24% of adults got information or support from others who have the same health condition.
A further proof of this ongoing (r)evolution was the theme of the 19th International Society for Quality of Life Research (ISOQOL) Annual Conference: ”The Journey of Quality of life research: A Path Towards Personalized Medicine”. One of the four plenary panels was ”Innovations in e-health” [51]. The general thread shared by all talks was the exploitation of e-health tools for empowering individuals to be actively engaged in the management of their health. Indeed, the sharing of information generates a more informed and empowered patient by reconfiguring the patient/care team relationship towards a patient-centered medicine. One of the most relevant initiatives in that direction is the U.S. social network PatientsLikeMe (PLM)3 [7], which enables patients to share and compare different diagnoses and treatments with people having the same conditions anywhere in the world [2]. PatientsLikeMe counts 300,000 patients sharing 2300 different conditions. Furthermore, there are a lot of forums, blogs, and more generally web sites which deal with health problems, but the information is often confused, difficult to understand and can lead to easy, often wrong self-diagnosis [25]. Indeed, the enormous diffusion of sites that disseminate medical information on the Web has contributed to the emergence of a phenomenon called cyberchondria, i.e. the unfounded perception of concerns about common, likely innocuous symptoms that can escalate into the review of content on serious, rare conditions that are linked to the common symptoms [50]. In this context we think that the role of the Web in the health domain should encourage the connection between the patients and the doctors that are the only persons able to provide a correct diagnosis.
In this paper we present HealthNet (HN), a social network whose main goal is to help users to find a solution to their health conditions by facilitating the connection between patients and doctors. The choice of a doctor or a health facility is a typical problem of information asymmetry where the patient has too little information to make an informed choice and thus needs to be somehow supported. Accordingly, HealthNet helps patients to share knowledge, find other similar patients, in order to look at their experiences.
HealthNet implements: (1) a self-tracking system that allows users to trace their physical and biological parameters, (2) a Natural Language Processing module able to understand the user health status expressed through natural language sentences, (3) a recommender system that allows to discover the similarity between patients and to exploit the data coming from the community of patients for suggesting doctors, health facilities, or hospitals that best fit the patient profile. This should help to deter the self-diagnoses.
The main contributions of the paper are the following:
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we defined a social network which helps patients to make more informed choices related to their health status;
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we implemented a component that supports patients to identify the most relevant medical areas for their health problems;
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we implemented a recommender system that facilitates patients to find a doctor, a health facility, or a hospital for treating their health problems.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a comparison between HealthNet and other relevant researches proposed in the literature. Section 3 describes the platform and its general architecture, while Section 4 provides some typical use cases. The experimental evaluation is described in Section 5, and Section 6 draws conclusions and future work.
Section snippets
Related work
E-health – also known in the early stage of the research as health informatics or consumer health informatics – is a wide research area embracing personalized medicine, health social networks, health recommender systems, digital prevention and interventions, smart health. In [6], Brennan and Safran already argued that consumer health informatics innovations provide information about patient health concerns, assist users to find others who share their concerns, afford platforms to promulgate
The HealthNet social network
HealthNet is a social network where users are patients. In addition to the traditional services offered by social networks, HN provides a set of functionalities, such as a self-tracking system, a PHR manager, and a recommender system. HN provides a user-friendly interface that allows an easy access to each functionality. The first step of the interaction with the system is the user registration. After that, the patient can start to record her medical data. In order to preserve the privacy, the
Typical use cases
In this section we define some typical use cases of HealthNet. We identify three main scenarios: the recommendation of a hospital, the recommendation of a doctor, and the sharing of an experience.
Experimental evaluation
The goal of the experimental evaluation is twofold:
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to assess the effectiveness of the process of automatically identifying the medical area for health problems described using natural language;
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to assess the effectiveness of the system to recommend the right doctors for a specific health problem;
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to assess the accuracy of the recommender system through a validation performed by domain experts.
More specifically, in experiment 1 we test the accuracy of different classification algorithms and
Conclusions and future work
In this paper, we presented HealthNet, a social network where patients can share their experiences with the community, such as consulted doctors, hospitalizations, health facilities. The goal of the platform is to use this information for suggesting doctors and health facilities which best match a given patient profile. Accordingly, the core component of HealthNet is a recommender system able to find similar patients based on the description of their symptoms, conditions and treatments, in
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