Synthesis and characterization of novel conductive and magnetic nano-composites
Introduction
Polymer nano-composites synthesis is a hybridization process between polymer matrices and nano-particles. The main idea in a composite is to integrate several component materials and their properties in a single material. As a result, considerable efforts currently have been directed by many researchers towards the conducting polymer nano-composites because of their unique properties, as well as their well applicable multi-functionality in various fields [1]. Polyaniline (PANI) is a conducting polymer so it has many potential applications in various fields such as electrical-magnetic shields, microwave absorbing materials, batteries, sensors and corrosion protections [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. The development of the PANI properties has received considerable attention lately. The fabrication of PANI/ferrite nano-composite has been reported by using different methods such as in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of Zn0.6Cu0.4Cr0.5Fe1.5O4 nano-particles [11], micro-emulsion process used to prepare PANI/NiZn ferrite nano-composite [12] and oxidative electro-polymerization of aniline in an aqueous solution in the presence of MnZn ferrite and NiMnZn ferrite [13], these studies created organic materials possessing both conducting and ferromagnetic functions.
The electromagnetic measurements of the PANI/ferrites were improved and tailored by controlling the addition of the ferrite in the composite [14], [15]. Also, the contribution of ferrite to the PANI led to an increase in its thermal stability, however, it decreased its electrical conductivity [16], [17], [18]. Jiang et al. introduced a novel poly(aniline-co-o-toluidine)/BaFe12O19 composite [19], which was successfully synthesized by a facile, general and inexpensive in situ polymerization method. Ting et al. had reported the microwave absorption of the PANI/BaFe12O19 [20] and noticed that Microwave absorbing properties can be modulated simply by controlling the content of PANI on the samples for the required frequency bands. Another new routes for synthesizing the PANI nano-composites, hollow Fe3O4–PANI spheres with uniform cavity size and shell thickness suggested [21], PANI nanotubes containing Fe3O4 nano-particles synthesized under ultrasonic irradiation [22] where the Fe3O4 nano-particles embedded in PANI nanotubes. The PANI nano-composites focus not only on ferrites but they extended to other materials such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium pentaoxide, clinoptilolite, nafion, carbon nanotubes and silicon [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30].
In this work, an approach was reported to synthesize the PANI/Co1−xMgxFe2O4 nano-composites (x = 0, 0.5, 1) by in situ polymerization of aniline with Co1−xMgxFe2O4 particles. The obtained composite was characterized by various experimental techniques. The removal of the pollutants from waste water by using the PANI/ferrite nano-composites was investigated. The electrical conductivity of the pure polyaniline, the saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) were measured and found to be affected dramatically with ferrite addition. The ability of the composites to remove the toxic dyes from waste water was also investigated.
Section snippets
Preparation of Co1−xMgxFe2O4
Co1−xMgxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.5, 1) nano-particles were prepared by mixing a solution of Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O in stoichiometric ratio with a solution containing NaOH + Na2CO3 [31], [32] ([NaOH] = 1.6[Mg2+ + Co2+ + Fe3+], [CO32−] = 2.0[Fe3+]) in de-ionized water (pH ≈ 9). The solutions simultaneously added to a colloid mill [33], [34] and mixed for 2 min. The resulting slurry was placed in a three neck flask and aged at 100 °C for 6 h. The final precipitate was filtered, washed thoroughly
X-ray diffraction of Co1−xMgxFe2O4
The room temperature powder XRD patterns of as-prepared Co1−xMgxFe2O4 ferrite particles are shown in Fig. 1. The well resolved broad diffraction peaks corresponding to (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0), (4 2 2), (5 1 1) and (4 4 0) reflection planes show that all the ferrites have attained single phase, all the peaks can be indexed to a single phase spinel structure. The crystal sizes (L) of the Co1−xMgxFe2O4 ferrite are 115, 94 and 33 nm for x = 0, 0.5 and 1, respectively. The values of lattice parameters of
Conclusions
The pure PANI and PANI/Co1−xMgxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.5, 1) composites have been prepared by chemical oxidative method in the presence of aniline and Co1−xMgxFe2O4 by ammonium peroxydisulphate oxidant in HCl medium. The obtained data shows that there is an interaction between the ferrite and PANI in the obtained composites which have core-shell structure, the presence of the ferrites with the PANI increases the thermal stability of the PANI. The magnetic properties of PANI were improved by adding the
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