The effect of bank capital on lending: Does liquidity matter?
Introduction
After the recent financial crisis, ensuring the financial stability of banking systems has been considered an imperative for regulators, academics, and policymakers. In particular, with the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) at the center of deliberations, regulators and policymakers have highlighted the critical importance to such stability of sufficient capital buffers and sound liquidity risk management. A result of these efforts is the international endorsement of Basel III, which requires enhanced quality and quantity of capital, a sufficient amount of stable funding, and the liquidity of bank assets. This initiative is based on the belief that banks with sufficient capital, liquid assets, and stable funding structures can more effectively maintain their intermediation capacity amid external negative economic shocks.
As emphasized by the Basel Committee, a main objective of reforms to strengthen global capital and liquidity rules is building a foundation for sustainable economic growth with a strong and resilient banking system (BCBS, 2011). That is, losses caused by spillovers from negative shocks in the financial sector to the real economy should be prevented. In this context, considerable research has examined the effects of financial shocks on real economic activity and the procyclical features of risk-based capital ratios, which can further worsen financial shocks by forcing banks to reduce credit supply when such a supply is most required.
Understanding the relationship between bank capital and lending is a key issue discussed in other bank-related studies. As Berrospide and Edge (2010) highlight, quantifying the effect of bank capital on bank credit supply is one of the most fundamental research problems requiring resolution in verifying the link between the financial sector and real activity. For example, bank capital constitutes a principal component of Bayoumi and Malander's (2008) framework for macro-financial linkage. In this framework, the relationship between bank capital and lending standards is the first link. Banks make their lending standards more stringent following a negative shock to capital ratio, thereby reducing credit volume. Another important consideration is the “bank-capital channel” of monetary policy. Van den Heuvel (2002), Gambacorta and Mistrulli (2004), and Meh (2011) emphasize the importance of the bank-capital channel whereby monetary policy and shocks to bank capital affect bank lending. Comprehending the effect of monetary policy on the real economy is therefore challenging without verifying the relationship between bank capital and lending.
During the recent financial crisis, a shortage of capital was observed as a key factor limiting banks’ ability to issue loans. Hence, many studies that examine the effect of bank capital on lending have recently emerged (see Berrospide and Edge, 2010, Gambacorta and Marques-Ibanez, 2011, Carlson et al., 2011, Brei et al., 2013). However, Fig. 1 indicates that a shortage of capital is insufficient to explain sudden contractions in bank loans because equity ratio has gradually increased in every year except 2008, which is considered the most severe year of the crisis. Some scholars focus on other factors that have slowed bank lending during the recent financial crisis. For example, Cornett et al., 2011, Berrospide, 2013, and Ivashina and Scharfstein (2010) highlight the effect of bank liquidity on lending. Cornett et al. (2011) and Berrospide (2013) find that banks’ efforts to manage liquidity caused bank lending to decline during the recent crisis. Similarly, Ivashina and Scharfstein (2010) show that bank lending decreases more substantially for banks with less access to deposit financing and higher exposure to credit line drawdowns.
The current study is grounded in the conclusions asserted in the literature, which emphasize the importance of other bank-specific characteristics to bank lending (Berrospide and Edge, 2010, Gambacorta and Marques-Ibanez, 2011). To date, research has focused on a linear relationship between bank capital and lending or has examined whether a structural change in response to external shocks occurs. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the interaction effect of bank capital and liquidity on lending. To examine this interaction, we use the 1993 Q1–2010 Q4 unbalanced quarterly observations of insured US commercial banks to determine whether the effect of bank capital on lending changes depending upon the level of bank liquidity.
The main findings are as follows. For large banks, the effect of an increase in bank capital ratio on credit growth, defined as growth rate of net loans on the balance sheet plus unused commitments unrepresented on the balance sheet, is positively associated with the level of bank liquidity. This finding suggests that the effect of an increase in capital ratio on credit growth is significantly negative for low liquidity ratios, becoming significantly positive only after large banks retain sufficient liquid assets. This interaction effect is found to be nonsignificant or negligibly negative for medium and small banks. Notably, this interaction effect is more substantial for large banks during the recent financial crisis, but the results remain steady only when unused commitments are included in the definition of lending.
These results suggest three important policy implications. First, policy actions such as capital injections and liquidity support to sustain bank lending are complementary and should be harmoniously implemented to be effective, particularly for large banks. Second, the results reinforce recent international regulatory reform efforts that emphasize the importance of both sufficient capital and liquidity management to mitigate the effects of external negative economic shocks on banks’ intermediation capacity.1 Finally, large banks behave differently from medium and small banks. This behavioral difference might support the idea that policy actions and regulations should be applied differently according to bank size.
This paper makes two contributions to the literature. First, it shows a significant interaction effect of bank capital and liquidity on credit supply for large banks. This effect suggests, furthermore, that bank capital and lending exhibit a complicated relationship rather than a linear relationship, which has in contrast been the focus in the literature. Second, the present study demonstrates that the role of unused commitments should be considered in analyzing the effect of bank capital on lending. This recommendation is consistent with Cornett et al., 2011, Ivashina and Scharfstein, 2010, and Berger and Bouwman (2009).
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a review of the literature, and Section 3 discusses our hypotheses. Section 4 briefly presents the data used and describes the empirical methodology and variables. Section 5 discusses the regression results, and Section 6 addresses robustness issues. Section 7 presents the study's conclusions and discusses the policy implications of the results.
Section snippets
Literature review
Many empirical studies have examined the effect of bank capital on lending, with most indicating a positive effect, albeit to various degrees. In an early study, Bernanke and Lown (1991) estimate that the effect of a 1-percentage-point increase in bank capital results in approximately 2–3 percentage point increases annually in loan growth.2
Hypotheses
Most studies focus on the linear relationship between bank capital ratio and lending or examine whether a structural change occurs following external shocks. Brei et al. (2013) and Carlson et al. (2011), however, capture the nonlinear effects of a change in the capital ratio on loan growth.3
Data
This study uses quarterly observations of insured US commercial banks spanning the period from 1993 Q1 to 2010 Q4.6 These data were obtained from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Statistics on Depository Institutions (FDIC SDI), which provides detailed financial reports of FDIC-insured institutions in
Linear regression results
Before discussing the main regression results, we present the baseline regressions, which examine the linear relationship between bank lending and bank-specific characteristic variables without including the interaction terms of the capital ratio and the liquidity ratio. Table 3 reports the linear regression results.
First, the estimated coefficients of the capital ratio are different by bank size: the coefficients are positive but statistically nonsignificant for large banks; the coefficients
Robustness checks
In this section, we conduct several robustness checks to determine whether our results remain unchanged. First, we investigate the robustness of our results by employing two alternative measures for liquid assets. To address the data limitation, two alternative measures for bank liquidity are employed: (i) liquid assets equaling the sum of cash and the balance due from depository institutions, US government securities, and federal funds sold and reverse repurchases and (ii) liquid assets
Conclusions and policy implications
Using the 1993 Q1–2010 Q4 unbalanced quarterly observations of insured US commercial banks, this study examines whether the effect of bank capital on lending differs depending upon the liquidity level. First, we show that the results differ by bank size. Only for large banks, we find that the effect of an increase in bank capital on credit growth is positively associated with the liquidity level. This finding suggests that the effect of an increase in bank capital on credit growth is
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