Green synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4/SiO2/HAp nanocomposite for atenolol delivery and in vivo toxicity study
Graphical abstract
Introduction
In the recent years, nanoscience is employed as one of the most significant research and advanced field in the modern science. Due to the manifestation of new technology during the past decade, researches in the field of nanotechnology, especially, engineered nanomaterials (such as quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles and carbon nanotube) have received remarkable attention for targeted drug delivery, imaging and monitoring of therapeutic efficiency (Singh and Lillard, 2009, Xie et al., 2010). Generally, an efficient delivery system should be able to transport drug molecules to the target cells or tissues and release them in a controlled manner (Slowing et al., 2007). So far, numerous systems have been investigated for controlled drug delivery including calcium phosphate cement (del Real et al., 2002, Bohner, 2000), zeolites (Vilaça et al., 2013), hydrogels (Yang et al., 2002), biodegradable polymers (Shin et al., 2001), mesoporous silica (Xu et al., 2015), etc. Several factors could affect the release profile of a drug delivery system such as, pore size of host carrier and nature of host–guest chemical interaction (Horcajada et al., 2004).
Hydroxyapatite with Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 molecular formula is the most important inorganic bio mineral used for teeth and bone in amniotes including human. This material has been widely used for bioactive osteoconductive coating of bone regenerative materials. Moreover, this material plays a key role in the natural bone regenerative process (Gomez-Vega et al., 2000, Yang et al., 1996). The hydroxyapatite is drawn huge attention in different other applications such as, drug delivery (Liu et al., 2014, Lin et al., 2013), catalysis (Gao et al., 2003, Tsang et al., 2004), gas sensors usage (Lu et al., 2010), biosensors application (Nagai et al., 1988) and so forth. For high-performance achievement, these applications require materials with uniform size and shape. Additionally, reaching the optimum size and morphology is very essential to improve the surface area of these materials for delivery of various classes of drugs such as 5-flurouracil (Santos et al., 2009), ibuprofen (Aghaei et al., 2014), enzymes (Ribeiro et al., 2004), and doxorubicin (Kundu et al., 2013), etc.
Magnetic materials are currently the subject of numerous studies due to their potential applications in the field of medicine, biology, pharmacy. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been prepared with various compositions such as, metal oxide, ferrites and pure metals (Fe, Ni and Co) (Mahmoudi et al., 2011, Faraji et al., 2010). Magnetite nanoparticles are widely used as targeted delivery systems because of their advantages including, their small size, low toxicity, easy synthesis and unique superparamagnetism. There is always a considerable concern about nanoparticles that they may have long-term toxic effects. To overcome this problem, hydroxyapatite covered Fe3O4 NPs can reduce the long-term toxic effect. Furthermore, MNP-hydroxyapatite composition is promising biomaterials for drug delivery. Many attempts have been put on the preparation of nanostructures (Sharma et al., 2017a, Mittal et al., 2016, Pathania et al., 2016, Kumar et al., 2016). But, there are only a few reports on monodisperse magnetic HAp composites as being a nano-carrier. In this framework, Wu et al. (Gu et al., 2014) have prepared Fe3O4/hydroxyapatite composite by gas-liquid chemical precipitation combined with hydrothermal method for the study of drug release behaviors at different pH. Fe3O4@mSiO2@HAp nanoparticle as a drug carrier was synthesized by using a microemulsion method and reported by Zhao et al. (2013). One of the main problems for these methods is high pressure and high temperature for several hours. To overcome this problem, we synthesized of this materials by sonochemical method. This method has become an important tool in synthesis chemistry to generate materials under ambient conditions in recent years. Also, chemical structures of the surface, size and morphology have the important factors for drug delivery systems of nanocomposites. Due to the special properties of green capping agent such as lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, high surface active and environment compatibility, we used the green capping agent to prepared Fe3O4/SiO2/HAp nanocomposite for the first time.
Atenolol (ATN) which is chemically known (Fig. 1) as (RS)-2-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl]acetamide belongs to class of beta-blockers and selective beta receptor antagonist without membrane stabilizing effect. Additionally, ATN has been used mainly in the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disorders (INDEX TO VOLUME 340, 1992).
This study focused on utilizing a facile ultrasound-assisted precipitation route to prepare Fe3O4/SiO2/HAp nanocomposite with the aid of glucose and lactose as a green capping agents. Impacts of different ratio of capping agent and calcination temperature on the shape and size of the nanocomposites were studied. Subsequently, it was functionalized by the use of APTES ((intestine environment). The prepared nanocomposite was used for adsorption and release study of atenolol in the gastrointestinal tract environment (intestine and stomach).
Section snippets
Chemicals
All chemicals used in this experiment such as, FeCl3.6H2O, FeCl2.4H2O, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), 2-propanol, polyethylene glycol, ethanol, methanol, Ca(NO3)3.4H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and atenolol were purchased from Merck. Deionized water (DI) was used throughout the experiment. Animals were purchased from Pasteur Institute of Iran. All the in vivo experiments were based on the animal ethics committee. GC-2550TG (Teif Gostar Faraz Company, Iran) were used for all
Results and discussion
The purity and crystal structure of the as-synthesized powders were characterized by XRD (Fig. 2). As it is shown in Fig. 2a, the diffraction peaks (2 = 30.44°, 35.82°, 43.47°, 53.95°, 57.47° and 63.1°) could be well indexed to a cubic structure (JCPDS card No. 75-0449) of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. To study the effect of the calcination temperature on the crystalline of the sample, two temperature degrees (°C) have been selected. Fig. 2b and c presents the XRD pattern of products prepared at 400
Conclusion
In summary, we successfully synthesized a Fe3O4/SiO2/HAp magnetic nanocomposite by an ultrasound-assisted precipitation route and using a fructose as a green capping agent precursor. Then, Fe3O4/SiO2/HAp nanocomposite was functionalized with APTES. The crystal structure and shape of the nanocomposite were characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, DLA, VSM, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and EDS. Afterward, we attempt to investigation of atenolol release behavior using nanocomposite at
Acknowledgment
Authors are grateful to the council of Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) and University of Kashan for supporting this work by Grant No (159271/855990).
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