Biomimetic fat cell (BFC) modification and for lindane removal from aqueous solution
Introduction
Adsorption, especially the activated carbon adsorption, has been proved to be one of the most important techniques for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) removal in aqueous environment, but the high cost of activated carbon and regeneration difficulty limits its use. Thus, alternative adsorbents with low cost, such as bagasse fly ash [1], [2], [3], [4], bottom ash [5], [6], red mud [7], [8], carbon columns obtained from fertilizer waste material [9] and so on, for the removal HOCs have been tried widely. A review about low-cost adsorbents could be found at the chapter “adsorbents for water treatment: low cost alternatives to carbon” of book “Encyclopedia of surface and collide science” [10].
Based on the fact that fat tissue of organism could accumulate hydrophobic chemicals and the accumulation level has the positive correlation with fat quantity [11], [12], [13], [14], an innovative agent, i.e., biomimetic fat cell (BFC) has been synthesized employing with interfacial polymerization. BFC has hydrophobic nucleolus-triolein and hydrophilic membrane-polyamide, the water carrying with the HOCs can pass through the polyamide membrane, and then the HOCS will be accumulated by the triolein. BFC has 97.39% lindane (7 mg/L) removal ability close to 98.12% lindane removal by powder active carbon (PAC) in aqueous solution, but its regeneration is limited for its linear structure [15].
BFC regeneration mainly depends on the appropriate pore size of BFC membrane, which should be between the size of lindane and triolein. When organic solvent is used to dialyse lindane, lindane and triolein both can be dissolved into organic solvent, if the BFC membrane pore only permits lindane out of BFC with organic solvent, but stopping triolein, the BFC regeneration will be accepted.
The characteristics of polymer such as pore size result from how the chains are linked together in space. Symmetrical monomers such as terephthaloyldichloride and 1, 6-hexanediamineas can join together in only one way to form regular linear structure, while unsymmetrical multifunctional monomers such as 1, 3, 5-benzenetricarboxyl trichloride, terephthaloyldichloride could join piperazine together in random to form networked structure. With the increasing of cross-linkage, the pore size will become smaller and the density and rigidity of polymer will also improve [16].
The object of this research is to improve the regeneration ability of BFC through changing BFC membrane from linear structure to networked structure. Lindane was also selected to evaluate the HOCs removal capacity by modified biomimetic fat cell (MBFC) as selected in BFC preparation [15].
Section snippets
Reagents and chemicals
Terephthaloyldichloride, 1, 6-hexanediamine and piperazine purchased from Shanghai Guoyao Chemical Co. Ltd. (China) and 1, 3, 5-benzenetricarboxyl trichloride provided by Qingdao Shanli Chemical Co. Ltd. (China) were used as wall forming materials. The nucleolus material-triolein and emulsifier-Tween 20 was purchased from Shanghai Yunjie Chemical Co. Ltd. (China). Powder activated carbon (PAC) (300 mol sieve) was obtained from Liyang Carbon Company (China). Lindane (certified analytical
MBFC preparation
The linear structure of BFC formed by double functional group, terephthaloyldichloride and 1, 6-hexanediamineas, could accumulate HOCs, but the relative larger pore size could not make BFC regeneration efficiently [15]. Networked polymer could grow smaller pore size with the increasing of cross linkage comparing with linear polymer [16].
Adding with cross-linking agents and introducing multifunction monomer in polymerization are classical methods to change the linear structure to networked
Conclusions
To improve the regeneration ability of BFC, BFC was modified here through changing its membrane from linear structure to networked structure. The synthesized MBFC is comprised of a hydrophobic nucleolus-triolein and hydrophilic-networked polyamide membrane. MBFC is a white solid granular with 4.968 μm mean diameter larger than 3.104 μm of BFC. The bigger specific area of MBFC, comparing with BFC, might make the HOCs accumulation faster.
MBFC has a good lindane removal capacity close to that of BFC
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