Biosorption of Zn(II) by live and dead cells of Streptomyces ciscaucasicus strain CCNWHX 72-14
Introduction
With tendency of accumulation in the food chain and extreme toxicity even in relatively low concentrations, heavy metals released into the environment are becoming a global concern [1], [2]. Zinc, which often exists in industrial effluents, is one of the 13 metals found in the contamination list proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a 5.0 mg/L maximum acceptable concentration of zinc in drinking water [4]. Consequently there is a significant interest regarding zinc removal from wastewater [5].
Conventional physiochemical methods for metals remediation include precipitation, filtration, coagulation, evaporation, ion exchange, membrane separation and solvent extraction. However, application of such processes is always expensive and ineffective in terms of energy and chemical products consumption, especially at low metal concentrations of 1–100 mg/L [6]. Therefore, there is a great need for an alternative technique, which is both economical and efficient. Biosorption, based on live or dead biosorbents, has been regarded as a cost-effective biotechnology for the treatment of complex wastewater containing heavy metals at high volume and low concentration [7]. Biosorption can be defined as the property of certain biomass to bind and concentrate selected ions or other molecules from aqueous solutions [8]. A number of economic biological materials, such as fungi, bacteria, yeast and algae, have been used to eliminate heavy metals from contaminated water [9], [10], [11].
In literatures, more and more Streptomyces strains have been employed as inexpensive biosorbents in the removal of metal ions. The simultaneous biosorption of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cr6+ from wastewater by Streptomyces rimosus biomass was reported by Chergui et al. [12]. In another study, Yuan et al. [13] investigated the comparative biosorption of cadmium by two different Streptomyces strains K33 and HL-12. In recent research, dead Streptomyces strains were also widely used in the biosorption of metal ions, especially in a series of studies of Selatnia et al. [14], [15] and Nacera et al. [16]. However, little work has been done to compare the biosorption of Zn(II) using live and dead cells of given strain.
Streptomyces ciscaucasicus CCNWHX 72-14 has been shown to have higher degree of resistance to 13 mmol/L Zn2+, 0.8 mmol/L Cu2+, 0.6 mmol/L Cd2+ and 0.6 mmol/L Ni+ than other isolates. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of CCNWHX 72-14 was amplified with primers P1 and P6, from which the phylogenic tree was constructed [17]. As revealed in Fig. 1, the strain CCNWHX 72-14 can be classified in the branch of Streptomyces genera, being 100% identical to the S. ciscaucasicus strain HBUM 82686. Its recti-flexible aerial chains, composed of crinkly and columnar spores observed with scanning electron microscope, were illustrated in Fig. 2 [18]. The tremendous specific surface and capacious intracellular space produced by the strain, might play an important role in the removal of metal ions [19].
The objective of the present work is to investigate the biosorption potential of live and dead cells of S. ciscaucasicus CCNWHX 72-14 in the removal of Zn(II) from aqueous solution. The influence of different parameters on zinc biosorption, such as pH, agitation speed, biosorbent dose, initial metal concentration and contact time, were performed. Different equilibrium and kinetic models were applied to describe the biosorption process of live and dead biomass. The desorption experiments were implemented to identify the release of metal ions and recovery of biosorbents, while competitive biosorption and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis were also used in this study to look at potential binding sites and possible functional groups of live and dead biomass.
Section snippets
Preparation of live and dead cells of CCNWHX 72-14 as biosorbents
The S. ciscaucasicus strain CCNWHX 72-14, isolated from a lead-zinc mine tailing in China, was tested in this study. Stationary-phase cells of CCNWHX 72-14 were typically inoculated into modified Gause's liquid (solute starch 16.0 g, glucose 4.0 g, NaCl 0.5 g, KNO3 1.0 g, KH2PO4·3H2O 0.5 g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g, FeSO4·7H2O 0.01 g, water 1000 mL, pH 7.5 ± 0.1, MGL) medium and 120 rpm agitation was employed for shake-flask culturing at 28 °C. Then live cells were harvested by centrifugation (12,000 rpm, 10 min) at
Effect of pH
Fig. 3 showed that pH had a significant effect on the biosorption of Zn(II) not only for live but also for dead cells of CCNWHX 72-14. For live strain, Zn2+ uptake increased steadily with the increase of pH from 3.0 to 5.0, while that for dead cells was restricted at lower pH (≤4.0) and went up to 54.7 mg/g at pH 5.0. Both biosorption capacities began to decrease as pH increased beyond 5.0.
As reported by Sheng et al. [24] and Vasquez et al. [25], pH has a significant effect on the solubility,
Conclusions
The biosorption of Zn(II) by live and dead cells of S. ciscaucasicus strain CCNWHX 72-14 has been investigated at optimum conditions determined in advance. Batch biosorption experiments with regard to initial metal concentration, contact time, desorption efficiency, competitive biosorption and FT-IR analysis were performed in this study. When live and dead cells of CCNWHX 72-14 were employed as biosorbents, the experimental maximum biosorption capacity turned out to be 42.75 mg/g (0.654 mmol/g)
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by projects from the National Science Foundation of China (30970003, 30900215), and PCSIRT of China. The authors are also grateful for the help from Dr. Martin Parkes, Elizabeth, Mrs. Chen and Mr. Yin in editing the manuscript.
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